RT Book, Section A1 Schauer, Philip R. A1 Schirmer, Bruce A2 Brunicardi, F. Charles A2 Andersen, Dana K. A2 Billiar, Timothy R. A2 Dunn, David L. A2 Hunter, John G. A2 Matthews, Jeffrey B. A2 Pollock, Raphael E. SR Print(0) ID 1117748550 T1 The Surgical Management of Obesity T2 Schwartz's Principles of Surgery, 10e YR 2015 FD 2015 PB McGraw-Hill Education PP New York, NY SN 9780071796743 LK accesssurgery.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=1117748550 RD 2024/10/09 AB Surgical therapy is the only effective and proven therapy for patients with severe obesity (body mass index >40 kg/m2). Bariatric operations prolong survival and resolve comorbid medical conditions associated with severe obesity.During the years 1999 to 2003, called the Bariatric Revolution in the United States, the availability of a laparoscopic approach for bariatric operations caused major changes in the field, including a massive increase in the number of procedures performed as well as an increased publc and professional awareness and understanding of the field.Bariatric operations involve either restriction of caloric intake or malabsorption of nutrients, or both. Long-term follow-up is essential before the merits of an operation can be confirmed.Patients who develop a bowel obstruction after laparoscopic gastric bypass require surgical and not conservative therapy due to the high incidence of internal hernias and the potential for bowel infarction.Malabsorptive operations are highly effective in producing durable weight loss but have considerable nutritional side effects. Patients undergoing such procedures require complete follow-up and must take appropriate nutritional supplements.The Roux-en-Y gastric bypass is the most commonly performed bariatric procedure, whereas the sleeve gastrectomy is the most rapidly increasing procedure worldwide.All bariatric operations are tools that serve to allow the patient to lose weight, become healthier, and improve their quality of life. These changes are only maintained long-term if the patient permanently adopts the new eating patterns and exercise habits that are taught and expected in the early year(s) after surgery.Bariatric surgery is also metabolic surgery, treating the varied metabolic consequences of the comorbid diseases arising from severe obesity. Some operations are particularly effective treatments for such metabolic consequences, such as gastric bypass for type 2 diabetes.