RT Book, Section
A1 Ahmed, Amin Mohamed
A1 Ahmed, Ayman
A2 Nazzal, Munier
A2 Blebea, John
A2 Osman, Mohamed F.
SR Print(0)
ID 1200679032
T1 Hemodialysis Access
T2 Vascular and Endovascular Surgery: Clinical Diagnosis and Management
YR 2024
FD 2024
PB McGraw Hill
PP New York, NY
SN 9781260462715
LK accesssurgery.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=1200679032
RD 2024/04/19
AB End-stage  renal  disease  (ESRD)  incidence  and  prevalence  have  been  steadily  increasing  since  1980.  Reports  published  by  the  United  States  Renal  Data  System  (USRDS)  demonstrate  that  after  a  plateau  in  numbers  in  2011,  the  prevalence  started  increasing  again  in  2012.  This  increase  has  resulted  in  a  total  of  746,557  cases  at  the  end  of  2017,  a  significant  increase  from  56,402  cases  recorded  in  1980.  This  is  in  part  due  to  the  increased  number  of  new  patients  diagnosed  with  ESRD.  This  has  reached  124,500  new  patients  in  2017.  The  increased  survival  and  longevity  of  life  for  patients  with  ESRD  accounts  for  the  steady  increase  in  the  prevalence  of  the  disease.  The  modes  of  treatments  for  patients  include  hemodialysis,  peritoneal  dialysis  and  kidney  transplant.  Hemodialysis  with  approximately  two-thirds  of  patients  (67.2%)  is  the  most  common  method  to  undergo  renal  replacement  therapy.  Naturally,  the  increased  burden  of  chronic  kidney  disease  (CKD)  and  ESRD  and  associated  comorbid  conditions  result  in  increased  Medicare  expenditure.  A  total  of  $120  billion  were  spent  in  2017  on  patients  with  CKD  and  ESRD.  With  recently  observed  increased  prevalence  of  obesity,  diabetes,  and  survival  of  patients,  it  is  expected  that  the  impact  of  CKD  and  ESRD  will  only  continue  to  rise.1