RT Book, Section A1 Pasquina, Paul F. A1 McAuliffe-Gray, Caitlin L. A1 Parrington, Ingrid A. A2 Feliciano, David V. A2 Mattox, Kenneth L. A2 Moore, Ernest E. SR Print(0) ID 1175136108 T1 Rehabilitation T2 Trauma, 9e YR 2020 FD 2020 PB McGraw Hill PP New York, NY SN 9781260143348 LK accesssurgery.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=1175136108 RD 2024/03/28 AB KEY POINTSThe fundamental principles of rehabilitation are founded on mitigating and preventing (when possible) the effects of immobility.Daily range-of-motion, flexibility, and muscle strengthening exercises help maintain the appropriate balance of muscle activity across joints and can be used to both prevent and treat muscle atrophy, disuse osteoporosis, and contracture formation.Immobilized patients have a reduction in blood volume, venous return, and stroke volume.Decreased gastric transit time in immobilized patients may cause symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux, regurgitation, and heartburn.To determine pain level, most health care organizations use a visual analog scale typically ranging from 0 (no pain) to 10 (worst imaginable pain).Approximately 12,000 spinal cord injuries occur nationally each year, and approximately 259,000 trauma survivors are living with spinal cord injuries in the United States.Spinal cord injuries are classified by their severity and level of injury, using the American Spinal Injury Association Standard Neurological Classification Worksheet.Between 25% and 80% of patients with a spinal cord injury eventually develop a decubitus ulcer.It is estimated that 19% to 23% of military service members who deploy overseas sustain a concussion or mild traumatic brain injury.Vascular occlusive diseases cause over 80% of amputations and account for nearly 30,000 new cases annually.