RT Book, Section A1 Matsushima, Kazuhide A1 Clark, Damon H. A1 Frankel, Heidi L. A2 Feliciano, David V. A2 Mattox, Kenneth L. A2 Moore, Ernest E. SR Print(0) ID 1175132094 T1 Surgeon-Performed Ultrasound in Acute Care Surgery T2 Trauma, 9e YR 2020 FD 2020 PB McGraw Hill PP New York, NY SN 9781260143348 LK accesssurgery.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=1175132094 RD 2024/10/13 AB KEY POINTSMedical diagnostic ultrasound imaging most often uses transducer frequencies between 2.5 and 10 MHz (1 megahertz = 1 million cycles per second).For the focused assessment with sonography for trauma (FAST) examination, either a sector- or convex-shaped transducer (low frequency: 2.5–5.0 MHz) is used to visualize the pericardial space and relatively deep regions in the abdominal cavity (hepatorenal fossa, splenorenal recess, pelvis).A negative FAST examination in the hypotensive patient with blunt trauma, particularly one with a pelvic fracture, should be followed by a second FAST examination in 15 to 30 minutes or a diagnostic peritoneal aspiration.The primary goal in the thoracic component of the extended FAST examination is to detect a pneumothorax or hemothorax in the pleural cavity.The assessment of intravascular volume status during resuscitation can be estimated by measuring the diameter and collapsibility of the inferior vena cava using ultrasound.The ultrasound diagnosis of acute calculous cholecystitis is made by visualizing cholelithiasis, thickening of the wall of the gallbladder, and the presence of pericholecystic fluid.The ultrasound diagnosis of acute appendicitis is made by visualizing an enlarged appendix with an appendicolith, lack of compressibility and diameter under compression of greater than 6 mm, and increased blood flow in the appendiceal wall.A high-frequency linear transducer is used to confirm the presence of a soft tissue infection or abscess and allow for percutaneous drainage.Cardiac goal-directed ultrasound includes the subxiphoid, parasternal long-axis, parasternal short-axis, and apical four-chamber views.During ultrasound-guided catheterization of the internal jugular vein, the transverse view is used to identify puncture of the vessel, whereas the longitudinal view is beneficial to localize the needle tip and wire.