RT Book, Section
A1 Cho, Michael H.
A1 Fanta, Christopher H.
A2 Sugarbaker, David J.
A2 Bueno, Raphael
A2 Burt, Bryan M.
A2 Groth, Shawn S.
A2 Loor, Gabriel
A2 Wolf, Andrea S.
A2 Williams, Marcia
A2 Adams, Ann
SR Print(0)
ID 1170412596
T1 Overview of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
T2 Sugarbaker’s Adult Chest Surgery, 3e
YR 2020
FD 2020
PB McGraw-Hill Education
PP New York, NY
SN 9781260026931
LK accesssurgery.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=1170412596
RD 2024/04/24
AB Chronic  obstructive  pulmonary  disease  (COPD)  is  defined  by  the  Global  Initiative  for  Chronic  Obstructive  Lung  Disease  (GOLD)1  as  persistent,  usually  progressive,  airflow  limitation  associated  with  an  enhanced  inflammatory  response,  generally  in  response  to  noxious  stimuli,  such  as  cigarette  smoking.  COPD  is  one  of  the  few  major  chronic,  noninfectious  diseases  with  a  rising  burden;  it  is  now  the  third  leading  cause  of  death  in  the  United  States.2  Worldwide,  an  increasing  prevalence  of  cigarette  smoking,  exposure  to  substances  such  as  biomass  fuel,  a  reduction  in  other  causes  of  early  mortality,  and  an  aging  population  have  led  to  an  increase  in  the  global  burden  of  COPD;  from  1990  to  2015,  the  prevalence  of  COPD  increased  by  more  than  40%.3