TY - CHAP M1 - Book, Section TI - Natural Language Processing A1 - Celi, Leo Anthony A1 - Gruhl, Daniel A1 - Ishii, Euma A1 - Shivade, Chaitanya A1 - Terdiman, Joseph A1 - Wu, Joy Tzung-yu A2 - Hashimoto, MD, MS, Daniel A. A2 - Meireles, MD, Ozanan R. A2 - Rosman, PhD, Guy PY - 2021 T2 - Artificial Intelligence in Surgery: Understanding the Role of AI in Surgical Practice AB - HIGHLIGHTSNatural language processing (NLP) is a collection of tools and computer algorithmic techniques that aim to help humans “structure” and gain an in-depth understanding of free text information.Overview of different types of NLP tools:Vocabulary- and rule-based NLP is the oldest but most easily interpretable type of NLP. Complex clinical NLP pipelines take a lot of resources and years to build and are often difficult to adapt to different clinical domains. However, simple look-up–type techniques can be useful in many clinical auditing cases where precision is more important than recall.Supervised NLP is powerful as long as there is a large enough human labeled data set to train the machine learning model. However, task-specific and large well-labeled data sets take substantial clinical resources to curate.With unsupervised NLP, there is no need for labeling because these machine learning models can automatically discover patterns in the data and propose groups or classes. However, a human needs to interpret the resulting groups to figure out the “why” and “what.”Expert-in-the-loop NLP: What if we make the experts more efficient at helping the machine learn a task? The challenge is to present questions or uncertainties from the machine models to the human in a user-friendly and interactive manner.In health care, there is no one-size-fits-all NLP solution. There are many tasks in the clinical domain amenable to different types or combinations of NLP methods. Understanding the performance requirements of the clinical task and the limitations of different NLP tools can help with implementing the most appropriate NLP solution. SN - PB - McGraw-Hill Education CY - New York, NY Y2 - 2024/10/05 UR - accesssurgery.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=1180350067 ER -