TY - CHAP M1 - Book, Section TI - Ethics, Palliative Care, and Care at the End of Life A1 - Hall, Daniel E. A1 - Beal, Eliza W. A1 - A. Angelos, Peter A1 - Dunn, Geoffrey P. A1 - Hinshaw, Daniel B. A1 - Pawlik, Timothy M. A2 - Brunicardi, F. Charles A2 - Andersen, Dana K. A2 - Billiar, Timothy R. A2 - Dunn, David L. A2 - Kao, Lillian S. A2 - Hunter, John G. A2 - Matthews, Jeffrey B. A2 - Pollock, Raphael E. PY - 2019 T2 - Schwartz's Principles of Surgery, 11e AB - Key Points The physician should document that the patient or surrogate has the capacity to make a medical decision. Sufficient details regarding diagnosis and treatment options should be disclosed to the patient so that the patient can provide informed consent. Living wills are written to anticipate treatment options and choices in the event that a patient is rendered incompetent by a terminal illness. The durable power of attorney for healthcare identifies surrogate decision makers and invests them with the authority to make healthcare decisions on behalf of patients in the event that they are unable to speak for themselves. Surgeons should encourage their patients to complete a living will and clearly identify their surrogates early in the course of treatment. Earlier referrals and wider use of palliative and hospice care may help more patients achieve their goals at the end of life. Seven requirements for the ethical conduct of clinical research studies have been articulated: value, scientific validity, fair subject selection, favorable risk-benefit ratio, independent review, informed consent, and respect for enrolled subjects. Individuals working together on research endeavors should have clear discussions early in the planning process about authorship, and those discussions should be continued throughout the project or study. Disclosure of error is consistent with recent ethical advances in medicine toward more transparency, openness with patients, and the involvement of patients in their care. SN - PB - McGraw-Hill Education CY - New York, NY Y2 - 2024/03/29 UR - accesssurgery.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=1164321448 ER -