TY - CHAP M1 - Book, Section TI - Lower Extremity A1 - Dawson, John R. A1 - Naga, Ashraf El A1 - Atassi, Omar A2 - Moore, Ernest E. A2 - Feliciano, David V. A2 - Mattox, Kenneth L. PY - 2017 T2 - Trauma, 8e AB - Lower extremity injuries represent the primary cause of more than half of all hospitalizations for trauma. Their frequency, severity, and costs emphasize the impact of those injuries on society.1,2 Lower extremity fractures may be caused by either low- or high-energy forces and occur both in isolation and as multiple injuries. The mechanism of injury defines the specific individual fracture pattern. Typical trauma mechanisms include blunt versus penetrating trauma, low-energy versus high-energy forces, twisting, bending, or crushing forces. Significant lower extremity injuries compromise functional outcome and can lead to long-term pain, abnormal gait, degenerative joint disease, chronic infection, and limb loss. SN - PB - McGraw-Hill Education CY - New York, NY Y2 - 2024/03/29 UR - accesssurgery.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=1147418840 ER -