TY - CHAP M1 - Book, Section TI - CHOLECYSTECTOMY, OPEN RETROGRADE TECHNIQUE A1 - Ellison, E. Christopher A1 - Zollinger, Robert M. PY - 2016 T2 - Zollinger's Atlas of Surgical Operations, 10e AB - Cholecystectomy is indicated in patients with proven diseases of the gallbladder that produce symptoms. The incidental finding of gallstones by imaging studies, or a history of vague indigestion, is insufficient evidence for operation in itself and does not justify the risk involved, particularly in the elderly. Today, most patients have laparoscopic removal of their gallbladder. The procedure described here is called “open” and is most commonly performed at a conversion to open when the initial laparoscopic approach encounters complex technical events (swollen, gangrenous gallbladder, confusing anatomy, or abnormal cholangiograms, etc.) or major complications (ductal, blood vessel, or bowel injury) that are best treated with open exposure. Although open cholecystectomy is no longer the primary operation of choice, its mastery is essential for surgeons who perform laparoscopic cholecystectomy. A safe surgeon knows when it is appropriate to convert to an open operation, and does risk endangering the safety of the patient in order to complete the procedure laparoscopically at all costs. SN - PB - McGraw-Hill Education CY - New York, NY Y2 - 2024/03/29 UR - accesssurgery.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=1127273233 ER -