TY  - CHAP
M1  - Book, Section
TI  - Echocardiography in Cardiac Surgery
A1  - Harrington, Colleen
A1  - Mora, Samia
A1  - Wu, Katherine C.
A2  - Yuh, David D.
A2  - Vricella, Luca A.
A2  - Yang, Stephen C.
A2  - Doty, John R.
Y1  - 2014
N1  - 
T2  - Johns Hopkins Textbook of Cardiothoracic Surgery
AB  - Since  1976,  echocardiography  (echo)  has  been  used  to  evaluate  cardiac  structure  and  function.  Echo  uses  sound  in  the  high-frequency  range  (2–10  MHz).  Frequency  ranges  between  2  and  5  MHz  are  typically  used  for  imaging  adults,  while  frequencies  of  7.5  to  10  MHz  are  used  for  children  and  specialized  adult  applications.  The  transducer  contains  a  piezoelectric  crystal  that  converts  electrical  to  sound  energy,  producing  sound  waves  that  are  transmitted  in  the  form  of  a  beam.  A  complete  transthoracic  echocardiogram  (TTE)  consists  of  a  group  of  interrelated  applications  including  two-dimensional  (2D)  anatomic  imaging,  M-mode,  and  three  Doppler  techniques:  pulsed-wave  (PW),  continuous-wave  (CW),  and  color-flow  (CF)  imaging.1–7  In  addition,  the  quantification  of  cardiac  chamber  dimensions,  areas,  and  volumes  is  an  important  aspect  of  a  complete  examination.  Using  a  combination  of  these  ultrasound  techniques,  one  can  assess  the  anatomy  and  function  of  the  cardiac  valves,  myocardium,  and  pericardium.  
SN  - 
PB  - McGraw-Hill Education
CY  - New York, NY
Y2  - 2024/04/19
UR  - accesssurgery.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=1104594372
ER  -