TY - CHAP M1 - Book, Section TI - Chapter 60. Endocrine Tumors of the Pancreas A1 - Riall, Taylor S. A1 - Evers, B. Mark A2 - Zinner, Michael J. A2 - Ashley, Stanley W. Y1 - 2013 N1 - T2 - Maingot's Abdominal Operations, 12e AB - Pancreatic endocrine tumors are rare and occur with an annual incidence of approximately 5 cases per 1,000,000 population.1 They are classified as “functioning” if they produce symptoms related to hormone overproduction, or as “nonfunctioning.” The morbidity from pancreatic endocrine tumors arises from the secretion of active gastrointestinal hormones leading to the characteristic syndromes and physiologic derangements associated with pancreatic endocrine tumors. These tumors can occur sporadically or can be associated with inherited disorders. The diagnosis of pancreatic endocrine tumors is usually established by biochemical assay of abnormally high blood hormone levels consistent with the observed clinical syndrome. Even with the diagnosis, management can be difficult because localization is the key to the treatment. Benign and malignant neuroendocrine tumors appear histologically similar, as clustered nests of normal islet cells. Malignancy is defined by the presence of local invasion or metastasis to distant sites, and the functional status is determined by tissue staining for the specific hormone product. SN - PB - The McGraw-Hill Companies CY - New York, NY Y2 - 2024/03/29 UR - accesssurgery.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=57020517 ER -