TY - CHAP M1 - Book, Section TI - Chapter 70. Surgery for Gynecomastia A1 - McLaughlin, Sarah A1 - Cody, Hiram S. A2 - Kuerer, Henry M. Y1 - 2010 N1 - T2 - Kuerer's Breast Surgical Oncology AB - Gynecomastia (GM) is a benign proliferation of the glandular component of the male breast caused by an increase in the ratio of estrogens to androgens. It presents as a palpable, concentric, and often painful subareolar mass and may be unilateral or bilateral. Although the finding of breast enlargement may be embarrassing or distressing to the patient, surgery for GM is rarely indicated, and cancer is present in less than 1% of patients. Gynecomastia is common. Two historical case series report 57% of healthy older men have GM, which increases to nearly 70% in hospitalized older men.1,2 Further, autopsy series found GM in 40% to 55% of unselected cases.3 SN - PB - The McGraw-Hill Companies CY - New York, NY Y2 - 2024/03/29 UR - accesssurgery.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=6415414 ER -