TY  - CHAP
M1  - Book, Section
TI  - Chapter 11. Nutrition in the Critically Ill
A1  - Heyland, Daren K.
A1  - McClave, Steve A.
A2  - Hall, Jesse B.
A2  - Schmidt, Gregory A.
A2  - Wood, Lawrence D.H.
Y1  - 2005
N1  - 
T2  - Principles of Critical Care, 3e
AB  - Nutrients  and  gastrointestinal  structure  and  function  are  linked  to  the  pathophysiology  of  infection,  organ  dysfunction,  and  survival  in  critically  ill  patients.Nutrition  support  may  both  positively  and  negatively  influence  the  morbidity  and  mortality  of  critically  ill  patients.When  considering  nutrition  support  in  critically  ill  patients,  enteral  nutrition  (EN)  should  be  used  in  preference  to  parenteral  nutrition  (PN).Strategies  to  optimize  delivery  of  EN  (e.g.,  starting  EN  early,  use  of  a  feeding  protocol  with  a  high  threshold  of  gastric  residual  volume,  use  of  prokinetic  agents,  and  use  of  small  bowel  feeding)  and  minimize  the  risks  of  EN  (e.g.,  elevation  of  the  head  of  the  bed)  should  be  considered.When  initiating  EN,  PN  should  not  be  used  in  combination  with  it.For  most  patient  populations  in  critical  care  in  whom  EN  is  not  possible  or  feasible,  standard  therapy  (IV  fluid  resuscitation  without  artificial  nutrition  support)  is  preferable  to  PN  for  the  first  7  to  10  days.When  PN  is  indicated,  strategies  that  maximize  the  benefit  (e.g.,  supplementing  with  glutamine)  and  minimize  the  risks  of  PN  (e.g.,  hypocaloric  dose,  withholding  lipids,  continued  use  of  EN,  and  the  use  of  intensive  insulin  therapy  to  achieve  tight  glycemic  control)  should  be  considered.  
SN  - 
PB  - The McGraw-Hill Companies
CY  - New York, NY
Y2  - 2023/12/02
UR  - accesssurgery.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=2282404
ER  -