TY - CHAP M1 - Book, Section TI - Temperature-Related Syndromes A1 - Benjamin, Elizabeth R. A1 - Muratore, Sydne A1 - Inaba, Kenji A1 - Beilman, Gregory J. A2 - Feliciano, David V. A2 - Mattox, Kenneth L. A2 - Moore, Ernest E. Y1 - 2020 N1 - T2 - Trauma, 9e AB - KEY POINTSThe standard definitions of hypothermia are mild (>32°C), moderate (28–32°C), and severe (<28°C).Warming techniques to reverse hypothermia include passive, active and noninvasive, and active and invasive.Depressed platelet function, impaired platelet delivery, slowed activation of coagulation enzymes, activation of protein C, and activation of fibrinolysis occur in hypothermic patients.Initial hospital management of frostbite should include rapid rewarming of the affected body part, in a 38°C to 40°C water bath.Surgical debridement and amputation should be delayed until demarcation has occurred after a frostbite injury, unless the patient develops wet gangrene, overwhelming infection, or a necrotizing soft tissue infection.The normal core body temperature is maintained at approximately 37°C by conduction, convection, evaporation, and radiation.As heat exhaustion progresses, the cutaneous blood vessels paradoxically vasoconstrict and sweating stops in many, but not all, patients.In patients with heat stroke, rapid cooling improves morbidity and mortality.Cellular changes, including protein denaturation, begin to take place at approximately 41.6°C to 42.3°C.Malignant hyperthermia is caused by exposure of susceptible individuals with a unique genetic composition to halogenated anesthetic agents. SN - PB - McGraw Hill CY - New York, NY Y2 - 2024/10/10 UR - accesssurgery.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=1175135700 ER -