TY - CHAP M1 - Book, Section TI - Infections A1 - Evans, Heather L. A1 - Bulger, Eileen A2 - Feliciano, David V. A2 - Mattox, Kenneth L. A2 - Moore, Ernest E. Y1 - 2020 N1 - T2 - Trauma, 9e AB - KEY POINTSStaphylococcus aureus, the most common pathogen associated with surgical site infections, has numerous virulence factors that facilitate invasion and thwart host defenses.Bacterial counts in the proximal gastrointestinal tract are in the range of 104 to 105 colony-forming units (CFU)/mL, whereas numbers in the terminal ileum (108–1010 CFU/mL) approach those in the colon (1011–1012 CFU/mL).When childhood immunizations have not been given and there is a tetanus-prone wound, tetanus toxoid as well as tetanus immune globulin at a separate site should be administered.Approximately 25% of soft tissue infections from Vibrio vulnificus are caused by direct exposure of an open wound to warm seawater containing the organism.Class IV wounds are characterized by pus or extensive and prolonged contamination and had a historic infection rate of 30% if closed primarily.When using alcohol-based skin disinfectants in the operating room, it is imperative that the solution be dry prior to incision to lower the risk of an intraoperative fire.Acute infections in soft tissue still present with calor (heat), dolor (pain), rubor (redness), tumor (swelling), and loss of function (functio laesa).Intra-abdominal infections identified later in the hospital course (>4 days after injury) are more likely to be caused by hospital-associated rather than community-associated organisms. SN - PB - McGraw Hill CY - New York, NY Y2 - 2024/03/28 UR - accesssurgery.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=1175132574 ER -