TY - CHAP M1 - Book, Section TI - History of Cardiac Surgery A1 - Stephenson, Larry W. A1 - Baciewicz, Jr., Frank A. A2 - Cohn, Lawrence H. A2 - Adams, David H. Y1 - 2017 N1 - T2 - Cardiac Surgery in the Adult, 5e AB - The development of major surgery was retarded for centuries by a lack of knowledge and technology. Significantly, the general anesthetics ether and chloroform were not developed until the middle of the nineteenth century. These agents made major surgical operations possible, which created an interest in repairing wounds to the heart, leading some investigators in Europe to conduct studies in the animal laboratory on the repair of heart wounds. The first simple operations in humans for heart wounds soon were reported in the medical literature. SN - PB - McGraw-Hill Education CY - New York, NY Y2 - 2024/03/28 UR - accesssurgery.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=1144148861 ER -