TY - CHAP M1 - Book, Section TI - Overview of Esophageal and Proximal Stomach Malignancy A1 - Ebright, Michael I. A1 - Krasna, Mark J. A2 - Sugarbaker, David J. A2 - Bueno, Raphael A2 - Colson, Yolonda L. A2 - Jaklitsch, Michael T. A2 - Krasna, Mark J. A2 - Mentzer, Steven J. A2 - Williams, Marcia A2 - Adams, Ann PY - 2015 T2 - Adult Chest Surgery, 2e AB - Esophageal cancer is the eighth most frequent cancer worldwide. It is the sixth most common cause of cancer death, accounting for 5.4% of all cancer deaths.1 Although the annual incidence of esophageal cancer in the United States is 4.5 per 100,000, some of the highest incidences are found in Asia, with roughly 100 per 100,000 individuals affected in the Linxian Province of central China.2,3 Esophageal cancer remains one of the most lethal of all malignancies, with incidence and mortality rates roughly equal. Once a diagnosis is established, the prognosis is dismal, with a 5-year survival rate of 17%.4 The results of single-modality treatment have been poor, with the exception of surgery for early esophageal cancer. More recently, neoadjuvant chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and combined chemoradiation therapy have been added as treatment modalities to enhance local control, increase resectability rates, and improve disease-free survival.5 The initial results of these multimodality treatments have been encouraging. Since management of esophageal cancer and survival of patients is stage dependent, accuracy of clinical staging is vital. An array of technologies such as CT, MRI, and PET of the esophagus, as well as endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) and minimally invasive thoracoscopic/laparoscopic staging (Ts/Ls), offer more reliable preoperative diagnosis and staging of patients with esophageal cancer. This may result in allocation of patients to stage-specific regimens with resulting improved cure rates. SN - PB - McGraw-Hill Education CY - New York, NY Y2 - 2024/11/08 UR - accesssurgery.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=1105838317 ER -