TY  - CHAP
M1  - Book, Section
TI  - Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, Caustic Ingestions, and Foreign Bodies
A1  - Cina, Robert A.
A1  - Hebra, Andre
A2  - Ziegler, Moritz M.
A2  - Azizkhan, Richard G.
A2  - Allmen, Daniel von
A2  - Weber, Thomas R.
PY  - 2014
T2  - Operative Pediatric Surgery, 2e
AB  - Pediatric  surgeons  should  be  trained  to  conduct  both  rigid  and  flexible  endoscopy  of  the  aerodigestive  tract  to  maximize  outcomes  for  children  who  have  aspirated  or  ingested  a  foreign  body  or  toxic  substance.The  sequelae  of  ingestion  are  usually  minimal,  but  the  risk  of  complications  arising  from  ingestion  of  even  the  most  benign  foreign  body,  a  coin,  approaches  5%  in  children  requiring  treatment  in  a  hospital.Ingestion  of  lithium  button  batteries  should  be  considered  a  true  emergency,  since  serious  injury  to  the  esophagus  can  occur  in  less  than  2  hours.Given  the  marked  variability  of  symptoms  seen  with  foreign  bodies  in  the  aerodigestive  tract,  ranging  from  mild  dysphagia  to  perforation  with  sepsis  and  shock,  the  best  axiom  to  follow  is  always  be  suspicious  and  prepared  to  deal  with  multiple  outcomes.Treatment  options  for  removal  of  esophageal  foreign  bodies  depend  on  the  type  of  foreign  body  and  include  (1)  rigid  esophagoscopy,  (2)  flexible  esophagoscopy,  (3)  awake  bougienage,  and  (4)  balloon  extraction.A  wide  variety  of  household  chemicals  may  damage  the  esophagus,  but  the  most  serious  injuries  are  caused  by  strong  alkali  products  with  a  pH  of  >12.Children  with  a  suspected  corrosive  esophageal  exposure  should  be  given  intravenous  fluids  and  antibiotics  immediately.The  most  reliable  method  of  imaging  and  determining  extent  of  injury  from  caustic  ingestion  is  upper  endoscopy,  ideally  performed  within  the  first  24  to  48  hours.Dilation  remains  central  for  managing  esophageal  strictures  following  caustic  injury.  
SN  - 
PB  - McGraw-Hill Education
CY  - New York, NY
Y2  - 2024/04/19
UR  - accesssurgery.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=1100432998
ER  -