TY - CHAP M1 - Book, Section TI - Chapter 66. Long-Term Mechanical Circulatory Support A1 - Takayama, Hiroo A1 - Worku, Berhane A1 - Naka, Yoshifumi A2 - Cohn, Lawrence H. PY - 2012 T2 - Cardiac Surgery in the Adult, 4e AB - Heart failure (HF) remains one of the most common causes of death in the United States. Preventive measures and treatment options for HF have, however, improved significantly. The 2005 ACC/AHA guidelines introduced a comprehensive and systematic method of assessing and managing patients with risk factors and those with HF.1 The suggested staging system is ambitiously inclusive, covering a wide range of patients with cardiovascular problems. It categorizes patients into Stages A (at high risk for HF but without structural heart disease or symptoms of HF) to D (refractory HF requiring specialized interventions). Surgical interventions play a significant role at each stage, and their role becomes more important as the stage advances. The surgical options described in the guidelines include, but are not limited to, coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), valve replacement or repair, ventricular restoration surgery, heart transplantation, permanent mechanical support, and experimental surgery. A wide range of cardiac surgical procedures are covered, implying that HF is becoming one of the most important fields for cardiac surgeons. SN - PB - The McGraw-Hill Companies CY - New York, NY Y2 - 2024/10/10 UR - accesssurgery.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=55930526 ER -