TY  - CHAP
M1  - Book, Section
TI  - Glossary
A1  - Hashimoto, MD, MS, Daniel A.
A1  - Meireles, MD, Ozanan R.
A1  - Rosman, PhD, Guy
PY  - 2021
T2  - Artificial Intelligence in Surgery: Understanding the Role of AI in Surgical Practice
AB  - Accuracy  The  total  correct  predictions  (true  positives  and  true  negatives)  divided  by  the  total  set  of  predictions;  see  Table  17-3  for  mathematical  description.Adaptive  histogram  equalization  Histogram  equalization  that  occurs  at  the  “local”  level,  wherein  distinct  sections  of  an  image  are  equalized  across  a  histogram  of  light  intensity;  it  can  enhance  edges  in  each  region  of  an  image.Artificial  intelligence  A  field  of  study  that  focuses  on  the  study  of  algorithms  that  give  machines  the  ability  to  reason  and  perform  cognitive  functions.Aspect  ratio  Ratio  of  an  image’s  or  video’s  width  to  height;  the  traditional  aspect  ratio  is  4:3,  whereas  the  more  modern  or  widescreen  aspect  ratio  is  16:9.Automatic  speech  recognition  (ASR)  See  computerized  voice  recognition.Autonomy  With  regard  to  ethical  principles  in  medicine,  refers  to  the  respect  for  the  decisions  of  adults  who  have  decision-making  capacity.Back-end  speech  recognition  (BESR)  A  human-hybrid  production  approach  that  applies  computerized  voice  recognition  to  prepare  a  draft  transcript  of  human-dictated  speech,  which  is  then  passed  to  human  transcriptionists  for  final  review  and  editing.Backpropagation  An  algorithm  to  adjust  weights  within  a  neural  network  from  final  layer  back  to  input  layer  based  on  each  weight’s  contribution  to  error  during  forward  propagation.Beneficence  The  moral  obligation  to  act  for  the  benefit  of  others.Biomedical  informatics  Branch  of  health  informatics  that  uses  data  to  help  clinicians,  researchers,  and  scientists  improve  human  health  and  provide  health  care.Channel  effect  An  effect  wherein  a  model  may  learn  characteristics  of  the  manner  in  which  data  were  recorded,  in  addition  to  the  nature  of  the  data  themselves.Classification  decision  trees  A  hierarchical  structure  to  achieve  classification  of  data  in  an  iterative  fashion  such  that  the  final  structure  represents  a  “tree.”  Each  tree  is  composed  of  a  node,  which  reflects  the  test  or  question  on  which  the  data  is  divided;  a  branch,  which  is  the  outcome  of  a  test  performed  at  the  preceding  node;  and  leaf  nodes,  which  represent  the  final  node  that  yields  an  outcome.  The  data  are  split  iteratively  into  partitions  until  each  partition  is  sufficiently  homogenous  to  yield  an  acceptable  results  based  on  predefined  stopping  criteria.Computer  vision  Machine  understanding  of  visual  data  (ie,  images  and  videos).Computerized  voice  recognition  An  extension  of  signal  processing  to  include  recognition  of  speech  utterances,  application  of  language  and  speech  models,  and  computational  machine  learning  (assisted  by  neural  networks  and  cloud  computing)  to  enable  machine  awareness  and  understanding  of  spoken  human  speech.Conditional  random  field  A  statistical  modeling  method  that  is  used  for  structured  predictions  and  takes  context  into  account.  For  example,  in  natural  language  processing,  sequential  data  about  surrounding  words  can  be  taken  into  account,  or  in  computer  vision,  data  about  nearby  structures  can  be  used  to  help  predictions.Contextual  bias  Bias  that  may  occur  if  one  ignores  what  may  appear  to  be  trivial  caveats  (eg,  whether  the  operating  surgeon  is  right-  or  left-handed)  or  if  one  presumes  that  the  same  level  of  resources  is  available  across  operating  rooms  and  hospitals.Convolutional  neural  network  A  type  of  neural  network  that  uses  convolution  operations  and  pooling  to  generate  an  output;  it  is  constructed,  at  minimum,  of  a  convolutional  layer,  ...
SN  - 
PB  - McGraw-Hill Education
CY  - New York, NY
Y2  - 2024/04/23
UR  - accesssurgery.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=1180349597
ER  -