TY - CHAP M1 - Book, Section TI - Prehospital Care A1 - Jenkins, Donald H. A1 - Muck, Andrew A1 - Zietlow, Scott P. A2 - Feliciano, David V. A2 - Mattox, Kenneth L. A2 - Moore, Ernest E. PY - 2020 T2 - Trauma, 9e AB - KEY POINTSIn the United States, the Emergency Medical Services (EMS) Systems Act of 1973 (PL 93-154) resulted in federal funding for the establishment of emergency medical systems.The four levels of prehospital care providers described in the National EMS Education Standards of 2009 are emergency medical responder (formerly, first responder), emergency medical technician (EMT; formerly, EMT-Basic), advanced EMT (replaces both prior versions of the EMT-Intermediate), and paramedic.The Stop the Bleed campaign developed under the direction of Lenworth M. Jacobs, Jr., MD, at Hartford Hospital trains laypersons to evaluate for life-threatening bleeding, compress bleeding, and apply tourniquets effectively.Basic life support (BLS) in the field includes basic airway management, supplemental oxygen and rescue breathing, cardiopulmonary resuscitation, control of external hemorrhage, splinting, spinal immobilization, and uncomplicated childbirth.Advanced life support (ALS) in the field includes advanced airway management, cardiac monitoring, cardioversion and defibrillation, insertion of intravenous lines, and administration of numerous medications.In areas primarily covered by BLS units, a tiered response arrangement should be in place so that ALS backup is available when needed.By 2015, 96% of the US population lived in an area covered by an enhanced 911 phone system, but this only represents about 50% of the counties in the country.When caring for a critically injured patient, EMS personnel should limit on-scene time to 10 minutes or less. SN - PB - McGraw Hill CY - New York, NY Y2 - 2024/03/29 UR - accesssurgery.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=1175130983 ER -