TY  - CHAP
M1  - Book, Section
TI  - Nutrition, Fluid, and Electrolytes
A1  - Chan, Yvonne
A1  - Goddard, John C.
PY  - 2019
T2  - K.J. Lee’s Essential Otolaryngology: Head and Neck Surgery, 12e
AB  - Malnutrition  is  a  dietary  deficiency  that  results  from  various  environmental  and  medical  conditions,  such  as  mental  health  problems,  social  problems,  GI  disorders,  and  alcoholism  among  others.  This  is  defined  as  weight  loss  greater  than  5%  to  10%  of  ideal  body  weight,  with  preferential  loss  of  adipose  tissue  over  muscle.  The  resting  energy  expenditure  is  reduced.  Improved  caloric  intake  of  nutritious  food  or  nutritional  supplements  will  often  reverse  malnutrition  and  starvation.  Malnutrition  can  occur  in  specific  scenarios;  however,  cachexia  is  a  pathology  commonly  observed  in  patients  with  head  and  neck  cancer.  Cachexia  is  a  multifactorial  metabolic  syndrome  characterized  by  systemic  sarcopenia,  with  or  without  loss  of  fat  mass  that  accompanies  a  chronic  disease  (usually  malignant),  whereas  malnutrition  is  a  lack  of  adequate  nourishment.  While  all  cachectic  patients  suffer  from  malnutrition,  cachexia  is  not  always  present  in  malnourished  patients.  Loss  of  adipose  tissue  in  cachexia  is  a  result  of  increased  lipolysis  by  tumor  or  host  products.  Sarcopenia  is  mainly  due  to  diminished  synthesis  of  muscle  protein  and  increased  degradation  of  proteins;  these  amino  acids  are  shunted  into  acute  phase  response  proteins  in  the  liver  resulting  in  liver  hypertrophy.  
SN  - 
PB  - McGraw-Hill Education
CY  - New York, NY
Y2  - 2024/04/19
UR  - accesssurgery.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=1172368074
ER  -