TY - CHAP M1 - Book, Section TI - Temperature-Related Syndromes: Hyperthermia, Hypothermia, and Frostbite A1 - Beilman, Greg J. A1 - Muratore, Sydne A2 - Moore, Ernest E. A2 - Feliciano, David V. A2 - Mattox, Kenneth L. PY - 2017 T2 - Trauma, 8e AB - Humans as homeothermic mammals must maintain a stable internal body temperature within narrow range to allow function of enzymes within this narrow range. Regional and seasonal variations in the environment mandate the ability to either loose or generate heat in order to maintain temperature within this range. Mechanisms to either conserve heat (surface vasoconstriction, shivering, and piloerection) or lose heat (surface vasodilation, sweating with evaporation) allow adaptation to a colder or warmer environment. Three specific adaptive behaviors permit existence in a cold environment and have allowed the spread of human kind across six of the seven continents. These are fabrication of clothing, shelter-building, and control of fire. However, environmental extremes, abnormal endocrine function, or infection and injury can result in the inability of the organism to maintain body temperature within the normal range, leading to significant functional disturbances. SN - PB - McGraw-Hill Education CY - New York, NY Y2 - 2024/03/28 UR - accesssurgery.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=1147419778 ER -