Sections View Full Chapter Figures Tables Videos Annotate Full Chapter Figures Tables Videos Supplementary Content + • Often present at birth but becomes more pronounced as adolescence progresses• Excavatum can be associated with Marfan syndrome and scoliosis +++ Epidemiology + • Males more commonly affected than females +++ Symptoms and Signs + • Excavatum: Posterior curve of sternum with right side usually more curved• Carinatum: Protruding sternum + • Evaluate for underlying pulmonary or cardiac dysfunction + • Physical exam +++ Surgery + • Excavatum: Early and middle teenage years (osteotomy or Nuss bar placement)• Carinatum: Osteotomy and sternal fracture +++ Indications + • Severity of deformity and psychosocial impact +++ Complications + • Pneumothorax• Injury to great vessels or heart (rare)• Recurrence (5-15% with osteotomy repair) +++ Prognosis + • Recurrence rate of 5-15% +++ References ++Fonkalsrud EW, Beanes S: Surgical management of pectus carinatum: 30 yearsâ experience. World J Surg 2001;25:898. [PubMed: 11572031] ++Harrison MR et al: Magnetic mini-mover procedure for pectus excavatum I: development, design, and simulations for feasibility and safety. J Pediatr Surg 2007;42:81. [PubMed: 17208545] ++Kravarusic D et al: The Calgary protocol for bracing of pectus carinatum: a preliminary report. J Pediatr Surg 2006;41:923. [PubMed: 16677884] ++Miller KA et al: Minimally invasive repair of pectus excavatum: a single institutionâs experience. Surgery 2001;130:652. [PubMed: 11602896] Your Access profile is currently affiliated with [InstitutionA] and is in the process of switching affiliations to [InstitutionB]. Please select how you would like to proceed. Keep the current affiliation with [InstitutionA] and continue with the Access profile sign in process Switch affiliation to [InstitutionB] and continue with the Access profile sign in process Get Free Access Through Your Institution Learn how to see if your library subscribes to McGraw Hill Medical products. Subscribe: Institutional or Individual Sign In Error: Incorrect UserName or Password Username Error: Please enter User Name Password Error: Please enter Password Sign in Forgot Password? Forgot Username? Download the Access App: iOS | Android Sign in via OpenAthens Sign in via Shibboleth You already have access! Please proceed to your institution's subscription. Create a free profile for additional features.