Sections View Full Chapter Figures Tables Videos Annotate Full Chapter Figures Tables Videos Supplementary Content + • Often present at birth but becomes more pronounced as adolescence progresses• Excavatum can be associated with Marfan syndrome and scoliosis +++ Epidemiology + • Males more commonly affected than females +++ Symptoms and Signs + • Excavatum: Posterior curve of sternum with right side usually more curved• Carinatum: Protruding sternum + • Evaluate for underlying pulmonary or cardiac dysfunction + • Physical exam +++ Surgery + • Excavatum: Early and middle teenage years (osteotomy or Nuss bar placement)• Carinatum: Osteotomy and sternal fracture +++ Indications + • Severity of deformity and psychosocial impact +++ Complications + • Pneumothorax• Injury to great vessels or heart (rare)• Recurrence (5-15% with osteotomy repair) +++ Prognosis + • Recurrence rate of 5-15% +++ References ++Fonkalsrud EW, Beanes S: Surgical management of pectus carinatum: 30 yearsâ experience. World J Surg 2001;25:898. [PubMed: 11572031] ++Harrison MR et al: Magnetic mini-mover procedure for pectus excavatum I: development, design, and simulations for feasibility and safety. J Pediatr Surg 2007;42:81. [PubMed: 17208545] ++Kravarusic D et al: The Calgary protocol for bracing of pectus carinatum: a preliminary report. J Pediatr Surg 2006;41:923. [PubMed: 16677884] ++Miller KA et al: Minimally invasive repair of pectus excavatum: a single institutionâs experience. Surgery 2001;130:652. [PubMed: 11602896] Your Access profile is currently affiliated with '[InstitutionA]' and is in the process of switching affiliations to '[InstitutionB]'. Please click ‘Continue’ to continue the affiliation switch, otherwise click ‘Cancel’ to cancel signing in. Get Free Access Through Your Institution Learn how to see if your library subscribes to McGraw Hill Medical products. Subscribe: Institutional or Individual Sign In Username Error: Please enter User Name Password Error: Please enter Password Forgot Password? Forgot Username? Sign in via OpenAthens Sign in via Shibboleth