• Paresthesias, muscle cramps, carpopedal spasm, laryngeal stridor, convulsions, malaise, muscle and abdominal cramps, tetany, urinary frequency, lethargy, anxiety, psychoneurosis, depression, and psychosis
• History of central neck (thyroid, parathyroid, or laryngeal) resection
• Positive Chvostek and Trousseau signs
• Brittle and atrophied nails, defective teeth, cataracts
• Hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia, low or absent urinary calcium, low or absent circulating parathyroid hormone (PTH)
• Calcification of basal ganglia, cartilage, and arteries as seen on x-ray