1. Crew KD, Neugut AI. Epidemiology of gastric cancer.
World J Gastroenterol. 2006;12(3):354–362.
[PubMed: 16489633]
2. Brenner H, Rothenbacher D, Arndt V. Epidemiology of stomach cancer. In: Verma M, ed. Methods of Molecular Biology, Cancer Epidemiology. Vol. 23. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press; 2009:467–477.
3. Fock KM, Moayyedi P, Hunt R, et al. Asian-pacific consensus guidelines on gastric cancer prevention.
J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008;23:351–365.
[PubMed: 18318820]
4. Gastric cancer. In: NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology. V. 2. National Comprehensive Cancer Network; 2010.
6. Parkin D, Bray F, Ferlay J, et al. Global cancer statistics 2002.
CA Cancer J Clin. 2005;55:74–108.
[PubMed: 15761078]
7. Jemal A, Siegel R, Ward E, et al. Cancer statistics 2009.
CA Cancer J Clin. 2009;59:225–249.
[PubMed: 19474385]
8. Hundahl SA, Phillips JL, Menck HR. The national cancer data base report on poor survival of U.S. gastric carcinoma patients treated with gastrectomy.
Cancer. 2000;88(4):921–932.
[PubMed: 10679663]
9. Milne AN, Carneiro F, O'Morain C, et al. Nature meets nurture: molecular genetics of gastric cancer.
Hum Genet. 2009;126(5):615–628.
[PubMed: 19657673]
10. Al-Refaie WB, Tseng JF, Gay G, et al. The impact of ethnicity on the presentation and prognosis of patients with gastric adenocarcinoma.
Cancer. 2008;113(3):461–469.
[PubMed: 18553367]
11. Parkin DM, Whelan SL, Ferlay. Cancer Incidence and Five Continents. Vol VII. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 1991:822–823.
12. Nomura A. Stomach cancer. In: Scottenfeld D, Fraumeni JF, eds. Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 1996:707–724.
13. McMichael AJ, McCall MG, Hartshorne JM, et al. Patterns of gastro-intestinal cancer in European immigrants to Australia: the role of dietary change.
Int J Cancer. 1980;25:431–437.
[PubMed: 7372370]
14. Coggon D, Osmond C, Barker DJ. Stomach cancer and migration with England and Wales.
Br J Cancer. 1990;61:573–574.
[PubMed: 2331443]
15. Lee J, Demissie J, Lu Se, et al. Cancer incidence among Korean-American immigrants in the United States and native Koreans in South Korea.
Cancer Control. 2007;14(1):78–85.
[PubMed: 17242674]
16. Helicobacter and cancer collaborative group. Gastric cancer and Helicobacter pylori: a combined analysis of 12 case control studies nested within prospective cohorts. Gut. 2009;49(3):347–353.
17. Campbell DI, Warren BF, Thomas J, et al. The African enigma: low prevalence of gastric atrophy, high prevalence of chronic inflammation in West African adults and children.
Helicobacter. 2001;6:263–267.
[PubMed: 11843957]
18. IARC monograph on the evolution of carcinogenic risks to humans. Vol. 61: Schistosomes, Liver Flukes and Helicobacter pylori. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 1994.
19. Barreto-Zuinga R, Maruyama M, Kato Y, et al. Significance of Helicobacter pylori infection as a risk factor in gastric cancer: serological and histological studies. J Gastroenterol. 1997;32:289–294.
20. Ekastrom AM, Held M, Hansson LE, et al. Helicobacter pylori in gastric cancer established by CagA immunoblot as a marker of past infection. Gastroenterology. 2001;121:784–791.
21. Uemura N, Okamoto S, Yamamoto S, et al.
Helicobacter pylori infection and the development of gastric cancer.
N Engl J Med. 2001;345: 784–789.
[PubMed: 11556297]
22. Correa P.
Helicobacter pylori and gastric cancer: state of the art.
Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1996;5:477–481.
[PubMed: 8781746]
23. González CA, Pera G, Agudo A, et al. Smoking and the risk of gastric cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Gastric and Nutrition (EPIC).
Int J Cancer. 2003;107:629–634.
[PubMed: 17982890]
25. Lindblad M, Garcia Rodriguez LA, Lagergren J. Body mass, tobacco and
alcohol and risk of esophageal, gastric cardia, and gastric non-cardia adenocarcinoma among men and women in a nested case-control study.
Cancer Causes Control. 2005;16:285–294.
[PubMed: 15947880]
26. Lagergren J, Bergstrom R, Nyren O. Association between body mass and adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and gastric cardia.
Ann Inter Med. 1999;130:883–890.
[PubMed: 10375336]
27. Calle EE, Rodriguez C, Walker-Thurmond K, et al. Over-weight, obesity and mortality from cancer in a prospectively studies cohort of U.S. adults.
New Engl J Med. 2003;348:1625–1638.
[PubMed: 12711737]
28. Tsugane S, Sasazuki S. Diet and the risk of gastric cancer: review of epidemiological evidence.
Gastric Cancer. 2007;10:75–83.
[PubMed: 17577615]
29. Wang X, Terry PD, Yan H. Review of salt consumption and stomach cancer risk: epidemiological and biological evidence.
World J Gastroenterol. 2009;15(18):2204–2213.
[PubMed: 19437559]
30. Sjodahl K, Jia C, Vatten L, et al. Salt and gastric adenocarcinoma: a population-based cohort study in Norway.
Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2008;17(8):1997–2001.
[PubMed: 18708389]
31. Sokoloff B. Predisposition to cancer in the Bonaparte family. Am J Surg. 1938;40:637–638.
32. Slavotinek AM, Stone EM, Mykytyn K, et al. Methylation of the CDH1 promoter as the second genetic hit in hereditary diffuse gastric cancer. Nat Genet. 2000;26:16–17.
33. Cisco RM, Norton JA. Hereditary diffuse gastric cancer: surgery, surveillance and unanswered questions.
Future Oncol. 2008;4(4):553–559.
[PubMed: 18684065]
34. Lynch HT, Silva E, Wirtzfield D, et al. Hereditary diffuse gastric cancer: prophylactic surgical oncology implications.
Surg Clin North Am. 2008;88(4):759–778.
[PubMed: 18672140]
35. Maconi G, Manes G, Porro GB. Role of symptoms in diagnosis and outcome of gastric cancer.
World J Gastroenterol. 2008;14(8):1149–1155.
[PubMed: 18300338]
36. Bodger K, Eastwood PG, Manning SI, et al. Dyspepsia workload in urban general practice and implications of the British society of gastroenterology dyspepsia guidelines.
Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2000;14:413–420.
[PubMed: 10759620]
37. Fransen GA, Janssen MJ, Muris JW, et al. Meta-analysis: the diagnostic value of alarm symptoms for upper gastrointestinal malignancy.
Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2004;20:1045–1052.
[PubMed: 15569106]
38. Breslin NP, Thomson AB, Bailey RJ, et al. Gastric cancer and other endoscopic diagnoses in patients with benign dyspepsia.
Gut. 2000; 46:93–97.
[PubMed: 10601062]
39. Sundar N, Muraleedharan V, Pandit J, et al. Does endoscopy diagnose early gastrointestinal cancer in patients with uncomplicated dyspepsia?
Postgrad Med J. 2006;82:52–54.
[PubMed: 16397081]
40. Lieberman D, Fennerty MB, Morris CD, et al. Endoscopic evaluation of patients with dyspepsia: results from the national endoscopic data repository.
Gastroenterology. 2004;127:1067–1075.
[PubMed: 15480985]
41. Janssen MJR, Fransen GAJ, Voutilainen M, et al. Alarm symptoms for gastric/oesophageal malignancy: a meta-analysis using individual patient data. Gut. 2005;54:A42.
42. Kapoor N, Basil A, Sturgess R, et al. Predictive value of alarm features in a rapid access upper gastrointestinal cancer service.
Gut. 2005;54:40–45.
[PubMed: 15591502]
43. Stephens MR, Lewis WG, White S, et al. Prognostic significance of alarm symptoms in patients with gastric cancer.
Br J Surg. 2005;92:840–846.
[PubMed: 16387815]
44. Bowrey DJ, Griffin SM, Wayman J, et al. Use of alarm symptoms to select dyspeptics for endoscopy causes patients with curable esophagogastric cancer to be overlooked.
Surg Endosc. 2006;20:1725–1728.
[PubMed: 17024539]
45. Abdalla EK, Pisters PW. Staging and preoperative evaluation of upper gastrointestinal malignancies.
Semin Oncol. 2004;31(4):513–529.
[PubMed: 15297943]
46. Kwee RM, Kwee
TC. Imaging in local staging of gastric cancer: a systematic review.
J Clin Oncol. 2007;25(15):2107–2116.
[PubMed: 17513817]
47. Greene FL, Page DL, Fleming ID, et al. AJCC Cancer Staging Manual. 6th ed. Philadelphia, PA: JB Lippincott; 2002:111–118.
48. Mezhir M, Tang L, Coit G. Neoadjuvant therapy of locally advanced gastric cancer.
J Surg Oncol. 2010;101:305–314.
[PubMed: 20187070]
49. Moehler M, Lycos O, Gockel I, et al. Multidisciplinary management of gastric and gastroesophageal cancers.
World J Gastroenterol. 2008;14:3773–3780.
[PubMed: 18609699]
50. Paoletti X, Obab K, Burzykowski T, et al. Benefit of adjuvant chemotherapy for resectable gastric cancer. A Meta-analysis.
JAMA. 2010;303: 1729–1737.
[PubMed: 20442389]
51. Cunningham D, Allum WH, Stenning SP, et al. Perioperative chemotherapy versus surgery alone for resectable gastroesophageal cancer.
N Engl J Med. 2006;355:11–20.
[PubMed: 16822992]
52. Ito H, Clancy TE, Osteen RT, et al. Adenocarcinoma of the gastric cardia: what is the optimal surgical approach?
J Am Coll Surg. 2004;199(6): 880–886.
[PubMed: 15555971]
53. Hermanek P, Wittekind C. Residual tumor classification and prognosis.
Semin Surg Oncol. 1994;10:12–20.
[PubMed: 8115781]
54. Bozzetti F, Marubini E, Bonfanti G, et al. Subtotal versus total gastrectomy for gastric cancer: five-year survival rates in a multicenter randomized Italian trial. Italian gastrointestinal tumor study group.
Ann Surg. 1999;230: 170–178.
[PubMed: 10450730]
55. Davies J, Johnston D, Sue-Ling H, et al. Total or subtotal gastrectomy for gastric cancer? A study of quality of life.
World J Surg. 1998;22(10): 1048–1055.
[PubMed: 9747165]
56. Kojima K, Yamada H, Inokucji M, et al. Current status and evaluation of laparoscopic surgery for gastric cancer. Dig Endosc. 2007;20(1):1–5.
57. Kiyama T, Mizutani T, Okuda T, et al. Laparoscopic surgery for gastric cancer: 5 years' experience.
J Nihon Med Sch. 2006;73(4):214–220.
[PubMed: 16936447]
58. Kiyama T, Jijita I, Kanno H, et al. Laparoscopy-assisted distal gastrectomy for gastric cancer.
J Gastrointest Surg. 2008;12(10):1807–1811.
[PubMed: 18683012]
59. Kajitani T. Japanese research society for the study of gastric cancer. The general rules for gastric cancer study in surgery and pathology.
Jpn J Surg. 1981;11:127–145.
[PubMed: 7300058]
60. Zhang H, Liu C, Wu D, et al. Does D3 surgery offer a better survival outcome compared to D1 surgery for gastric cancer? A result based on a hospital population of two decades as taking D2 surgery for reference.
BMC Cancer. 2010;10:308.
[PubMed: 20565910]
61. Roviello F, Pedrazzani C, Marrelli D, et al. Super-extended (D3) lymphadenectomy in advanced gastric cancer.
Eur J Surg Oncol. 2010;36:439–446.
[PubMed: 20392590]
62. Deguli A, Sasako M, Ponti A. Survival results of a multicentre phase II study to evaluate D2 gastrectomy for gastric cancer. Br J Cancer. 2004;90:1727–1732.
63. Bonenkamp JJ, Songun I, Hermans, J, et al. Randomized comparison of morbidity after D1 and D2 dissection for gastric cancer 996 Dutch patients.
Lancet. 1995;345:745–748.
[PubMed: 7891484]
64. Bonenkamp JJ, Hermans J, Sasako M, et al. Extended lymph node dissection for gastric cancer.
N Engl J Med. 1999;340:908–958.
[PubMed: 10089184]
65. Cuschieri A, Fayers P, Fielding J, et al. Postoperative morbidity and mortality after D1 and D2 resections for gastric cancer: preliminary results of the MRC randomized controlled surgical trial.
Lancet. 1996;347: 995–999.
[PubMed: 8606613]
66. Cuschieri A, Weeden S, Fieldling J, et al. Patient survival after D1 and D2 resections for gastric cancer: long term results of the MRC surgical trial. Br J Cancer. 2000;79:1522–1530.
67. Hartgrink, CJH, van de Velde H, Putter JJ, et al. Extended lymph node dissection for gastric cancer: who may benefit? Final results of the randomized Dutch Gastric Cancer Group Trial.
J Clin Oncol. 2004; 22:2069–2077.
[PubMed: 15082726]
68. McCulloch P, Nita ME, Kazi H, et al. Extended versus limited lymph nodes dissection technique for adenocarcinoma of the stomach [review]. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009;1:1–28.
69. Marrelli D, De Stefano A, de Manzoni G, et al. Italian research group for cancer. Prediction of recurrence after radical surgery for gastric cancer: a scoring system obtained from a prospective multicenter study.
Ann Surg. 2005;241:247–255.
[PubMed: 15650634]
70. Sasako M, Sano T, Yamamoto S, et al. D2 lymphadenectomy alone or with para-aortic nodal dissection for gastric cancer.
New Engl J Med. 2008;359:453–462.
[PubMed: 18669424]
71. Songun I, Putter H, Meershoek-Klein Kranenbarg E, et al. Surgical treatment of gastric cancer: 15-year follow-up results of the randomized nationwide Dutch D1D2 trial.
Lancet. 2010;11:439–449.
[PubMed: 20409751]
72. Zhang M, Zhu G, Ma Y, et al. Comparison of four staging systems of lymph node metastasis in gastric cancer.
World J Surg. 2009;33(11): 2383–2388.
[PubMed: 19760313]
73. Ono H, Kondo H, Gotoda T, et al. Endoscopic mucosal resection for treatment of early gastric cancer. Gut. 200;48:225–229.
74. Gotoda K, Yanagisawa A, Sasako M, et al. Incidence of lymph node metastasis from early gastric cancer. The estimation using a large number of cases in two large centers.
Gastric Cancer. 2000;3:219–225.
[PubMed: 11984739]
75. Abe M, Mori T, Takeuchi H, et al. Laparoscopic lymph node dissection after endoscopic submucosal dissection: a novel and minimally invasive approach to treating early-stage gastric cancer.
Am J Surg. 2005;190(3):496–503.
[PubMed: 16105543]
76. Abe N, Mori T, Izumisato Y, et al. Successful treatment of an undifferentiated early gastric cancer by combined en bloc endoscopic mucosal resection and laparoscopic regional lymphadenectomy.
Gastrointest Endosc. 2003;57: 972–975.
[PubMed: 12776060]
77. Liedman B. Symptoms after total gastrectomy on food intake, body composition, bone metabolism, and quality of life in gastric cancer patients—is reconstruction with a reservoir worthwhile? Nutrition. 1999;15(9):676–682.
78. Gertler R, Rosenberg R, Feith M, et al. Pouch vs. no pouch following total gastrectomy: meta-analysis and systematic review of the literature.
Am J Gastroenterol. 2009;104(11):2838–2851.
[PubMed: 19672251]
79. de Almeida
AC, dos Santos NM, Aldeia FJ. Total gastrectomy for cancer: is reconstruction or a gastric replacement reservoir essential?
World J Surg. 1994;18(6):883–888.
80. Mochiki E, Kamiyama Y, Aihara R, et al. Postoperative functional evaluation of jejunal interposition with or without a pouch after a total gastrectomy for gastric cancer.
Am J Surg. 2004;187(6):728–735.
[PubMed: 15191866]
81. Iwata T, Kurita AT, Ikemoto T, et al. Evaluation of reconstruction after proximal gastrectomy: prospective comparative study of jejunal interposition and jejunal pouch interposition.
Hepatogastroenterology. 2006;53(68):301–303.
[PubMed: 16608044]
82. Tono C, Terashima M, Takagane A, et al. Ideal reconstruction after total gastrectomy by the interposition of a jejunal pouch considered by emptying time.
World J surg. 2003;27:1113–1118.
[PubMed: 12925904]
83. Ferrucci PF, Zucca E. Primary gastric lymphoma pathogenesis and treatment: what has changed over the past 10 years?
Br J Haematol. 2006;136: 521–538.
[PubMed: 17156403]
84. Parkin DM, Pisani P, Ferlay J. Global cancer statistics. CA Cancer J Clin. 1999;49:31–64.
85. Groves FD, Linet MS, Travis LB, et al. Cancer surveillance series; non-Hodgkin's lymphoma incidence by histologic subtype in the United States from 1978–1995.
J Natl Cancer Inst. 2000;92:1240–1251.
[PubMed: 10922409]
86. D'Amore F, Brincker H, Gronbaek, et al. Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the gastrointestinal tract: a population-based analysis of incidence, geographic distribution, clinicopathologic presentation features, and prognosis. Danish Lymphoma Study Group.
J Clin Oncol. 1994;12:1673–1684.
[PubMed: 8040680]
87. D'Amore F, Christensen BE, Brincker H, et al. Clinicopathological features and prognostic factors in extranodal non-Hodgkin lymphomas. Danish LYFO Study Group.
Eur J Cancer. 1991;27:1201–1208.
[PubMed: 1835586]
88. Koch P, del Valle F, Berdel WE, et al. Primary gastrointestinal non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: 1. Anatomic and histologic distribution, clinical features, and survival data of 371 patients registered in the German Multicenter Study GIT HIH 01/92.
J Clin Oncol. 2001;19:3861–3873.
[PubMed: 11559724]
89. Papaxoinis G, Papageorgiou S, Rontogianni D, et al. Primary gastrointestinal non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: a clinicopathologic study of 128 cases in Greece. A Hellenic Cooperative Oncology Group study (HeCOG).
Leuk Lymphoma. 2006;47:2140–2146.
[PubMed: 17071488]
90. Venizelos I, Tamiolakis D, Bolioti S, et al. Primary gastric Hodgkin's lymphoma: a case report and review of the literature.
Leuk Lymphoma. 2005;46:147–150.
[PubMed: 15621794]
91. Boot H. Diagnosis and staging in gastrointestinal lymphoma.
Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2010;24:3–12.
[PubMed: 20206103]
92. Jaffe E. The 2008 WHO classification of lymphomas: implications for clinical practice and translational research. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2009;523–531.
93. Swerdlow SH, Campo E, Harris NL, et al. WHO Classification of Tumors of Haematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues. 4th ed. Lyon, France: IARC Press; 2008.
94. Koch P, Probst A, Berdel WE, et al. Treatment results in localized primary gastric lymphoma: data from patients registered with the German Multicenter Study (GIT NHL 02/96).
J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:7050–7059.
[PubMed: 16129843]
95. Wotherspoon
AC, Ortiz-Hidalgo C, Falzon MR, et al.
Helicobacter pylori-associated gastritis and primary B-cell gastric lymphoma.
Lancet. 1991;338:1175–1176.
[PubMed: 1682595]
96. Wundisch T, Thiede C, Morgner A, et al. Long-tern follow-up of gastric MALT lymphoma after
Helicobacter pylori eradication.
J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:8018–8024.
[PubMed: 16204012]
97. Wundisch T, Mosch C, Neubauer A, et al.
Helicobacter pylori eradication in gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma: results of a 196-patient series.
Leuk Lymphoma. 2006;47:2110–2114.
[PubMed: 17071484]
98. Ferreri AJ, Freschi M, Del'Oro S, et al. Prognostic significance of the histopathologic recognition of low- and high-grade components in stage I-II B-cell gastric lymphomas.
Am J Surg Pathol. 2001;25:95–102.
[PubMed: 11145257]
99. Psyrri A, Papageorgiou S, Economopoulos T. Primary extranodal lymphomas of stomach: clinical presentation, diagnostic pitfalls and management.
Ann Oncol. 2008;19:1992–1999.
[PubMed: 18647965]
100. Farinha P, Gascoyne RD. Molecular pathogenesis of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma.
J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:6370–6378.
[PubMed: 16155022]
101. Cogliatti SB, Schmid U, Schumacher U, et al. Primary B-cell gastric lymphoma: a clinicopathological study of 145 patients.
Gastroenterology. 1991;101:1159–1170.
[PubMed: 1936785]
102. Elstrom R, Guan L, Baker G, et al. Utility of FDG-Pet scanning in lymphoma by WHO classification. Blood. 1971;101:3875–3876.
103. Alinari L, Castellucci P, Elstrom R, et al. 18F-FDG PET in mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma. Leuk Lymphoma. 2006;10:2096–2101.
104. Boot h, de Jong D. Diagnosis, treatment decisions and follow-up in primary gastric lymphoma.
Gut. 2002;51:621–622.
[PubMed: 12377794]
105. Fischbach W. Gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma: a challenge for endoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc. 2008;68:623–626.
106. Fischbach W, Goebeler-Kolve ME, Greiner A. Diagnostic accuracy of EUS in local staging of primary gastric lymphoma: results of a prospective, multicenter study comparing EUS with histologic stage.
Gastrointest Endosc. 2002;56:696–700.
[PubMed: 12397278]
107. Musshoff K. Clinical staging classification of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
Strahlentherapie. 1977;153:218–221.
[PubMed: 857349]
108. Fischbach W, Goebeler-Kolve M, Dragosics B, et al. Long-term results of the German-Austrian prospective multicenter study in patients with localized primary gastric B-cell lymphoma. Gastroenterology. 2001;120 (supp. 1):A612.
109. Fischbach W. Long-term follow-up of gastric lymphoma after stomach conserving treatment.
Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2010;24:71–77.
[PubMed: 20206110]
110. Aviles A, Nambo MJ, Neri N, et al. Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma of the stomach: results of a controlled clinical trial.
Med Oncol. 2005;22:57–62.
[PubMed: 15750197]
111. Massironi S, Sciola V, Spampatti MP, et al. Gastric carcinoids: Between underestimation and overtreatment.
World J Gastroenterol. 2009;15(18):2177–2183.
[PubMed: 19437556]
112. Obendorfer S. Karzinoide tumoren des dunndarms. Frankf Zschr Pathol. 1907;1:426–430.
113. Maggard MA, O'connell JB, Ko CY. Updated population-based review of carcinoid tumors.
Ann Surg. 2004;240:117–122.
[PubMed: 15213627]
114. Landry CS, Brock G, Scoggins CR, et al. A proposed staging system for gastric carcinoid based on an analysis of 1,543 patients.
Ann Surg Oncol. 2009;16:51–60.
[PubMed: 18953609]
115. Soga J. Gastric carcinoids: a statistical evaluation of 1,094 cases collected from the literature.
Surg Today. 1997;27:892–901.
[PubMed: 10870573]
116. Modlin IM, lye KD, Kidd M. A 50-year analysis of 562 gastric carcinoids: small tumor or larger problem?
Am J Gastroenterol. 2004;99:23–32.
[PubMed: 14687136]
118. Burkitt MD, Pritchard DM. Review article: pathogenesis and management of gastric carcinoid tumours.
Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2006;24:1305–1320.
[PubMed: 17059512]
119. Delle Fave G, Capurso G, Milione M, et al. Endocrine tumours of the stomach. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2005;19(5):659–673.
120. Annibale B, Azzoni C, Corleto VD, et al. Atrophic body gastritis patients with enterochromaffin-like cell dysplasia are at increased risk for the development of type I gastric carcinoid.
Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2001;13:1449–1456.
[PubMed: 11742193]
121. Peracchi M, Gebbia C, Basilisco G, et al. Plasma chromogranin A in patients with autoimmune chronic atrophic gastritis, enterochromaffin-like cell lesions and gastric carcinoids.
Eur J Endocrinol. 2005;152:443–448.
[PubMed: 15757862]
122. Bordi C. Gastric carcinoids. Ital J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1999;31(suppl 2):S94–S97.
123. Rindi G, Bordi C, Rappel S, et al. Gastric carcinoids and neuroendocrine carcinomas: pathogenesis, pathology and behavior.
World J Surg. 1996;20:168–172.
[PubMed: 8661813]
124. Schindl M, Kaserer K, Niederle B. Treatment of gastric neuroendocrine tumors—the necessity of a type-adapted treatment.
Arch Surg. 2001;136:49–54.
[PubMed: 11146777]
125. Jensen RT. Management of the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome in patients multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1.
J Intern Med. 1998;243:477–488.
[PubMed: 9681846]
126. Rindi G, Luinetti O, Cornaggia M, et al. 3 Subtypes pf gastric argyrophil carcinoid and gastric neuroendocrine carcinoma—a clinicopathological study.
Gastroenterology. 1993;104:994–1006.
[PubMed: 7681798]
127. Modlin IM, Kidd M, Lye KD. Biology and management of gastric carcinoid tumours: a review.
Eur J Surg. 2002;168:669–683.
[PubMed: 15362575]
128. Onaitis MW, Kirshbom PM, Hayward TZ, et al. Gastrointestinal carcinoids: characterization by the site of origin and hormone production.
Ann Surg. 2000;232:549–555.
[PubMed: 10998653]
129. Borch K, Ahren B, Ahlman, H, et al. Gastric carcinoids: biologic behavior and prognosis after differentiated treatment in relation to type.
Ann Surg. 2005;242:64–73.
[PubMed: 15973103]
130. Bordi C, Azzoni C, Ferraro G, et al. Sampling strategies for analysis of enterochromaffin-like cell changes in Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.
Am J Clin Pathol. 2000;114:419–425.
[PubMed: 10989643]
131. Campana D, Nori F, Piscitelli L, et al. Chromogranin A: is it a useful marker for neuroendocrine tumors?
J Clin Oncol. 2007;25:1967–1973.
[PubMed: 17513802]
132. Ruszniewski P, Delle Fave G, Cadiot G, et al. Well-differentiated gastric tumours/carcinomas.
Neuroendocrinology. 2006;84:158–164.
[PubMed: 17312375]
133. Lamberts SW, Bakker WH, Reubi JC, et al. Somatostatin-receptor imaging in the localization of endocrine tumors.
N Engl J Med. 1990;323:1246–1249.
[PubMed: 2170840]
134. Reubi JC, Krenning E, Lamberts SW, et al. Somatostatin receptors in malignant tissues.
J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 1990;37:1073–1077.
[PubMed: 1981010]
135. Ichikawa J, tanabe S, Koizumi We, et al. Endoscopic mucosal resection in the management of gastric carcinoid tumors.
Endoscopy. 2003;35:203–206.
[PubMed: 12584637]
136. Siperstein A, Garland A, Engle K, et al. Local recurrence after laparoscopic radiofrequency ablation of hepatic tumors.
Ann Surg Oncol. 2000;7:106–113.
[PubMed: 10761788]
137. Steinmuller T, Kianmanesh R, Falconi M, et al. Consensus guidelines for the management of patients with liver metastasis from digestive (neuro)endocrine tumors: foregut, midgut, hindgut and unknown primary.
Neuroendocrinology. 2008;87:47–62.
[PubMed: 18097131]