Sections View Full Chapter Figures Tables Videos Annotate Full Chapter Figures Tables Videos Supplementary Content + Normal Laboratory Values Download Section PDF Listen ++ Values may vary with method of measurement and population. ++ *Blood [B], Plasma [P], Serum [S], Urine [U]. + Hematology Download Section PDF Listen ++ Antithrombin III: [P] 86–120% ++ Bleeding time: Template method, 3–9 minutes (180–540 seconds) ++ Cellular measurements of red blood cells (erythrocytes): + Average diameter = 7.3 μm (5.5–8.8 μm)Mean corpuscular volume (MCV): Men, 80–94 fL; women, 81–99 fL (by Coulter counter)Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH): 27–32 pgMean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC): 32–36 g/dL; erythrocytes (32–36%)Color, saturation, and volume indices: 1 (0.9–1.1) ++ Clot retraction: Begins in 1–3 hours; complete in 6–24 hours. No clot lysis in 24 hours. ++ Fibrin D-dimer: [P] 0–250 ng/mL ++ Fibrinogen split products: <10 μg ++ Fragility of erythrocytes: Begins at 0.45–0.38% NaCl; complete at 0.36–0.3% NaCl ++ Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD): [B] 4–8 μg/g Hb ++ Hematocrit (PCV): Men, 40–52%; women, 37–47% ++ Hemoglobin: [B] Men, 14–18 g/dL (2.09–2.79 mmol/L as Hb tetramer); women, 12–16 g/dL (1.86–2.48 mmol/L). [S] 2–3 mg/dL ++ Partial thromboplastin time: Activated, 25–37 seconds ++ Platelets: 150,000–400,000/mL (0.15–0.4 × 1012/L) ++ Prothrombin: International normalized ratio (INR), 1–1.4 ++ Erythrocyte count: Men, 4.5–6.2 million/μL (4.5–6.2 × 1012/L); women, 4–5.5 million/μL (4–5.5 × 1012/L) ++ Reticulocytes: 0.6–1.8% of erythrocytes ++ Sedimentation rate: <20 mm/h (Westergren) ++ White blood count (leukocytes) and differential: 5,000–10,000/μL (5–10 × 109/L) ++Table Graphic Jump LocationView Table||Download (.pdf)Segmented neutrophils40–70%Myelocytes0%Juvenile neutrophils0%Band neutrophils0–15%Lymphocytes15–45%Eosinophils1–3%Basophils0–5%Monocytes0–7%Lymphocytes: Total, 1500–4000/μLB cell5–25%T cell60–88%Suppressor10–43%Helper32–66%H:S>1 + Blood, Plasma, or Serum Chemical Constituents (Values Vary with Method Used) Download Section PDF Listen ++ Acetone and acetoacetate: [S] 0.3–2 mg/dL (3–20 mg/L) ++ Aldolase: [S] Values vary with method used. ++ α-Amino acid nitrogen: [S, fasting] 3–5.5 mg/dL (2.2–3.9 mmol/L) ++ Aminotransferases: + Aspartate aminotransferase (AST; SGOT): [S] 15–55 IU/LAlanine aminotransferase (ALT; SGPT): [S] 10–70 IU/L. Values vary with method used. ++ Ammonia: [B] 9–33 μmol/L ++ Amylase: [S] 80–180 units/dL (Somogyi). Values vary with method used. ++ α1-Antitrypsin: [S] >180 mg/dL ++ Ascorbic acid: [P] 0.4–1.5 mg/dL (23–85 33 μmol/L) ++ Base, total serum: [S] 145–160 mEq/L (145–160 mmol/L) ++ Bicarbonate: [S] 24–28 mEq/L (24–28 mmol/L) ++ Bilirubin: [S] Total, 0.2–1.2 mg/dL (3.5–20.5 μmol/L). Direct conjugated, 0.1–0.4 mg/dL (<7 μmol/L). Indirect, 0.2–0.7 mg/dL (<12 μmol/L). ++ Calcium: [S] 8.5–10.3 mg/dL (2.1–2.6 mmol/L). Values vary with albumin concentration. ++ Calcium, ionized: [S] 4.25–5.25 mg/dL; 2.1–2.6 mEq/L (1.05–1.3 mmol/L) ++ β-Carotene: [S, fasting] 50–300 μg/dL (0.9–5.58 μmol/L) ++ Ceruloplasmin: [S] 25–43 mg/dL (1.7–2.9 μmol/L) ++ Chloride: [S or P] 96–106 mEq/L (96–106 mmol/L) ++ Cholesterol: [S or P] 150–240 mg/dL (3.9–6.2 mmol/L). (See Lipid fractions.) Values vary with age. ++ Cholesteryl esters: [S] 65–75% of total cholesterol ++ CO2 content: [S or P] 24–29 mEq/L (24–29 mmol/L) ++ Complement: [S] C3 (b1C), 90–250 mg/dL. C4 (β1E), 10–60 mg/dL. Total (CH50), 75–160 mg/dL ++ Copper: [S or P] 100–200 μg/dL (16–31 μmol/L) ++ Cortisol: [P] 8:00 am, 5–25 μg/dL (138–690 nmol/L); 8:00 pm, <14 μg/dL (385 nmol/L) ++ Creatine kinase (CK): [S] 10–50 IU/L at 30°C. Values vary with method used. ++ Creatine kinase MB fraction: [S] <4% total CK ++ Creatinine: [S or P] 0.7–1.5 mg/dL (62–132 μmol/L) ++ Cyanocobalamin: [S] 200 pg/mL (148 pmol/L) ++ Epinephrine: [P] Supine, <0.1 μg/L (<0.55 nmol/L) ++ Erythropoietin: [S] 5–20% IU/L ++ Ferritin: [S] Adult women, 20–120 ng/mL; men, 30–300 ng/mL. Child to 15 years, 7–140 ng/mL. ++ a-Fetoprotein: [S] 0–8.5 ng/mL ++ Folic acid: [S] 2–20 ng/mL (4.5–45 nmol/L). [Erythrocytes] >100 ng/mL (>318 nmol/L) ++ Glucose: [S or P] 65–110 mg/dL (3.6–6.1 mmol/L) ++ a-Glutamyl transpeptidase: [S] 8–78 IU/L ++ Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA10): [B] 4–7% ++ Haptoglobin: [S] 40–200 mg of hemoglobin-binding capacity ++ Iron: [S] 40–175 μg/dL (9–31.3 μmol/dL) ++ Iron-binding capacity: [S] Total, 250–410 μg/dL (44.7–73.4 μmol/L). Percent saturation, 20–55%. ++ Lactate: [B, special handling] Venous, 4–16 mg/dL (0.44–1.8 mmol/L) ++ Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH): [S] 55–140 IU/L. Values vary with method used. ++ Lipase: [S] 0.2–1.5 U ++ Lipid fractions: [S or P] Desirable levels: High-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, >40 mg/dL; low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, <150 mg/dL; VLDL cholesterol, <40 mg/dL. (To convert to mmol/L, multiply by 0.026.) ++ Lipids, total: [S] 450–1000 mg/dL (4.5–10 g/L) ++ Magnesium: [S or P] 1.8–3 mg/dL (0.75–1.25 mmol/L) ++ Myoglobin: [P] 15–100 ng/mL ++ Norepinephrine: [P] Supine, <0.5 μg/L (<3 nmol/L) ++ Osmolality: [S] 280–296 mOsm/kg water ++ Oxygen: + Capacity: [B] 16–24 vol%. Values vary with hemoglobin concentration.Arterial content: [B] 15–23 vol%. Values vary with hemoglobin concentration.Arterial % saturation: 94–100% of capacityArterial Po2 (Pao2): 80–100 mm Hg (10.67–13.33 kPa) (sea level). Values vary with age. ++ Paco2: [B, arterial] 35–45 mm Hg (4.7–6 kPa) ++ pH (reaction): [B, arterial] 7.35–7.45 (H+ 44.7–45.5 nmol/L) ++ Phosphatase, acid: [S] 1–5 U (King-Armstrong), 0.1–0.63 U (Bessey-Lowry) ++ Phosphatase, alkaline: [S] 38–126 IU/L ++ Phospholipid: [S] 145–200 mg/dL (1.45–2 g/L) ++ Phosphorus, inorganic: [S, fasting] 3–4.5 mg/dL (1–1.5 mmol/L) ++ Potassium: [S or P] 3.5–5 mEq/L (3.5–5 mmol/L) ++ Prostate-specific antigen (PSA): [S] 0–4 ng/mL ++ Protein: + Total: [S] 6–8 g/dL (60–80 g/L)Albumin: [S] 3.5–5.5 g/dL (35–55 g/L)Globulin: [S] 2–3.6 g/dL (20–36 g/L)Immunoglobulin: [S] IgA 78–400 mg/dL. IgG 690–1400 mg/dL. IgM 35–240 mg/dLFibrinogen: [P] 0.2–0.6 g/dL (2–6 g/L) ++ Prothrombin clotting time: [P] By control. INR, 1–1.4. ++ Pyruvate: [B] 0.6–1 mg/dL (70–114 mmol/L) ++ Serotonin: [B] 0.05–0.2 μg/mL (0.28–1.14 μmol/L) ++ Sodium: [S or P] 136–145 mEq/L (136–145 mmol/L) ++ Specific gravity: [B] 1.056 (varies with hemoglobin and protein concentration). [S] 1.0254–1.0288 (varies with protein concentration). ++ Sulfate: [S or P] As sulfur, 0.5–1.5 mg/dL (156–468 μmol/L) ++ Transferrin: [S] 200–400 mg/dL (23–45 μmol/L) ++ Triglycerides: [S] <165 mg/dL (1.9 mmol/L). (See Lipid fractions.) ++ Troponin: [S] <0.5 ng/mL ++ Urea nitrogen: [S or P] 8–25 mg/dL (2.9–8.9 mmol/L). Do not use anticoagulant-containing ammonium oxalate. ++ Uric acid: [S or P] Men, 3–9 mg/dL (0.18–0.54 mmol/L); women, 2.5–7.5 mg/dL (0.15–0.45 mmol/L) ++ Vitamin A: [S] 15–60 μg/dL (0.53–2.1 μmol/L) ++ Vitamin B12: [S] >200 pg/mL (>148 pmol/L) ++ Vitamin D: [S] Cholecalciferol (D3): 25-hydroxycholecalciferol, 8–55 ng/mL (19.4–137 nmol/L); 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol, 26–65 pg/mL (62–155 pmol/L); 24,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol, 1–5 ng/mL (2.4–12 nmol/L) ++ Volume, blood (Evans blue dye method): Adults, 2990–6980 mL. Women, 46.3–85.5 mL/kg; men, 66.2–97.7 mL/kg. ++ Zinc: [S] 50–150 μg/dL (7.65–22.95 μmol/L) + Hormones, Serum, or Plasma Download Section PDF Listen ++ Adrenal: + Aldosterone: [P] Supine, normal salt intake, 2–9 ng/dL (56–250 pmol/L); increased when upright.Cortisol: [S] 8:00 am, <5–20 μg/dL (0.14–0.55 μmol/L); 8:00 pm, <10 μg/dL (0.28 μmol/L)Deoxycortisol: [S] After metyrapone, >7 μg/dL (>0.2 μmol/L)Dopamine: [P] <135 pg/mLEpinephrine: [P] <0.1 ng/mL (<0.55 nmol/L)Norepinephrine: [P] <0.5 μg/L (<3 nmol/L). See also Miscellaneous Normal Values. ++ Gonad: + Testosterone, free: [S] Men, 10–30 ng/dL; women, 0.3–2 ng/dL. (1 ng/dL = 0.035 nmol/L)Testosterone, total: [S] Prepubertal, <100 ng/dL; adult men, 300–1000 ng/dL; adult women, 20–80 ng/dL; luteal phase, up to 120 ng/dLEstradiol (E2): [S, special handling] Men, 12–34 pg/mL; women, menstrual cycle 1–10 days, 24–68 pg/mL; 11–20 days, 50–300 pg/mL; 21–30 days, 73–149 pg/mL (by radioimmunoassay [RIA]). (1 pg/mL = 3.6 pmol/L)Progesterone: [S] Follicular phase, 0.2–1.5 ng/mL; luteal phase, 6–32 ng/mL; pregnancy, >24 ng/mL; men, <1 ng/mL (by RIA). (1 ng/mL = 3.2 nmol/L) ++ Islets: + Insulin: [S] 4–25 μU/mL (29–181 pmol/L)C-peptide: [S] 0.9–4.2 ng/mLGlucagon: [S, fasting] 20–100 pg/mL ++ Kidney: + Renin activity: [P, special handling] Normal sodium intake: Supine, 1–3 ng/mL/h; standing, 3–6 ng/mL/h. Sodium depleted: Supine, 2–6 ng/mL/h; standing, 3–20 ng/mL/h ++ Parathyroid: Parathyroid hormone levels vary with method and antibody. Correlate with serum calcium. ++ Pituitary: + Growth hormone (GH): [S] Adults, 1–10 ng/mL (46–465 pmol/L) (by RIA)Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH): [S] <10 μU/mLFollicle-stimulating hormone (FSH): [S] Prepubertal, 2–12 mIU/mL; adult men, 1–15 mIU/mL; adult women, 1–30 mIU/mL; castrate or postmenopausal, 30–200 mIU/mL (by RIA)Luteinizing hormone (LH): [S] Prepubertal, 2–12 mIU/mL; adult men, 1–15 mIU/mL; adult women, <30 mIU/mL; castrate or postmenopausal, >30 mIU/mLCorticotropin (ACTH): [P] 8:00–10:00 am, up to 100 pg/mL (22 pmol/L)Prolactin: [S] 1–25 ng/mL (0.4–10 nmol/L)Somatomedin C: [P] 0.4–2 U/mLAntidiuretic hormone (ADH; vasopressin): [P] Serum osmolality 285 mOsm/kg, 0–2 pg/mL; >290 mOsm/kg, 2–12+ pg/mL ++ Placenta: + Estriol (E3): [S] Men and nonpregnant women, <0.2 μg/dL (<7 nmol/L) (by RIA)Chorionic gonadotropin: [S] β-Subunit: Men, <9 mIU/mL; pregnant women after implantation, >10 mIU/mL ++ Stomach: + Gastrin: [S, special handling] Up to 100 pg/mL (47 pmol/L). Elevated, >200 pg/mLPepsinogen I: [S] 25–100 ng/mL ++ Thyroid: + Thyroxine, free (FT4): [S] 0.8–2.4 ng/dL (10–30 pmol/L)Thyroxine, total (TT4): [S] 5–12 μg/dL (65–156 nmol/L) (by RIA)Thyroxine-binding globulin capacity (T4): [S] 12–28 μg/dL (150–360 nmol/L)Triiodothyronine (T3): [S] 80–220 ng/dL (1.2–3.3 nmol/L). Reverse triiodothyronine (rT3): [S] 30–80 ng/dL (0.45–1.2 nmol/L).Triiodothyronine uptake (rT3U): [S] 25–36%; as TBG assessment (rT3U ratio), 0.85–1.15.Calcitonin: [S] <100 pg/mL (<29.2 pmol/L) + Normal Cerebrospinal Fluid Values Download Section PDF Listen ++ Appearance: Clear and colorless. ++ Cells: Adults, 0–5 mononuclear cells/μL; infants, 0–20 mononuclear cells/μL ++ Glucose: 50–85 mg/dL (2.8–4.7 mmol/L). (Draw serum glucose at same time.) ++ Pressure (reclining): Newborns, 30–88 mm water; children, 50–100 mm water; adults, 70–200 mm water (avg = 125) ++ Proteins: Total, 20–45 mg/dL (200–450 mg/L) in lumbar cerebrospinal fluid. IgG, 2–4 mg/dL (0.02–0.04 g/L) ++ Specific gravity: 1.003–1.008 + Renal Function Tests Download Section PDF Listen ++ r-Aminohippurate (PAH) clearance (RPF): Men, 560–830 mL/min; women, 490–700 mL/min ++ Creatinine clearance: Calculation from serum creatinine: ++ ++ Women: calculated mg/dL × 0.85 ++ Creatinine clearance, endogenous (GFR): Approximates inulin clearance (see below). ++ Inulin clearance (GFR): Men, 110–150 mL/min; women, 105–132 mL/min (corrected to 1.73 m2 surface area) ++ Maximal glucose reabsorptive capacity (TmG): Men, 300–450 mg/min; women, 250–350 mg/min ++ Maximal PAH excretory capacity (TmPAH): 80–90 mg/min ++ Osmolality: On normal diet and fluid intake: Range 500–850 mOsm/kg water. Achievable range, normal kidney: Dilution 40–80 mOsm; concentration (dehydration) up to 1400 mOsm/kg water (at least three to four times plasma osmolality). ++ Specific gravity of urine: 1.003–1.030 + Miscellaneous Normal Values Download Section PDF Listen ++ Adrenal hormones and metabolites: + Aldosterone: [U] 2–26 μg/24 h (5.5–72 nmol). Values vary with sodium and potassium intake.Catecholamines: [U] Total, <100 μg/24 h. Epinephrine, <10 μg/24 h (<55 nmol); norepinephrine, <100 μg/24 h (<591 nmol). Values vary with method used.Cortisol, free: [U] 20–100 μg/24 h (0.55–2.76 mmol)11,17-Hydroxycorticoids: [U] Men, 4–12 mg/24 h; women, 4–8 mg/24 h. Values vary with method used.17-Ketosteroids: [U] <8 years, 0–2 mg/24 h; adolescents, 2–20 mg/24 h. Men, 10–20 mg/24 h; women, 5–15 mg/24 h. Values vary with method used. (1 mg = 3.5 mmol)Metanephrine: [U] <1.3 mg/24 h (<6.6 μmol) or <2.2 μg/mg creatinine. Values vary with method used.Vanillylmandelic acid (VMA): [U] Up to 7 mg/24 h (<35 μmol).Fecal fat: <30% dry weightLead: [U] <80 μg/24 h (<0.4 μmol/d) ++ Porphyrins: + δ-Aminolevulinic acid: [U] 1.5–7.5 mg/24 h (11.4–57.2 μmol)Coproporphyrin: [U] <230 μg/24 h (<345 nmol)Uroporphyrin: [U] <50 μg/24 h (<60 nmol)Porphobilinogen: [U] <2 mg/24 h (<8.8 μmol) ++ Urobilinogen: [U] 0–2.5 mg/24 h (<4.23 μmol) ++ Urobilinogen, fecal: 40–280 mg/24 h (68–474 μmol)