Sections View Full Chapter Figures Tables Videos Annotate Full Chapter Figures Tables Videos Supplementary Content +++ INTRODUCTION ++ Test Taking Tips Critical care problems generally can be solved by applying physiology and pharmacology principles to the question (or patient). Understanding the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system assists in the diagnosis of cardiac issues and their treatment. Understanding respiratory physiology and mechanics greatly assists in solving ventilator-related questions. +++ HEMODYNAMIC PARAMETERS +++ What is the formula for mean arterial pressure (MAP)? ++ MAP = DBP + 1/3 × (SBP − DBP) +++ What is the normal range for cardiac output (CO)? ++ 4 to 8 L/min +++ What is the normal range for the cardiac index (CI)? ++ 2.5 to 4 L/min +++ What is the normal range for systemic vascular resistance (SVR)? ++ 800 to 1400 dyn · s/(cm5) +++ What is the normal range for the SVR index (SVRI)? ++ 1500 to 2400 dyn · s/(cm5) +++ What is the normal range for pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP)? ++ 7 to 15 mm Hg +++ What is the normal range for central venous pressure (CVP)? ++ 2 to 6 mm Hg +++ What is the normal range for pulmonary artery (PA) pressure? ++ 20 to 30/6 to 15 mm Hg +++ What is the normal range for mixed venous oxygen saturation (SvO2)? ++ 70% ± 5% +++ What is SvO2? ++ The oxygen saturation of blood in the right ventricle/pulmonary artery that serves as an indirect measure of peripheral oxygen supply and demand +++ What factors influence SvO2? ++ Oxygen delivery and oxygen extraction +++ Approximate percentage of CO that goes to the kidney: ++ 25% +++ Approximate percentage of CO that goes to the brain: ++ 15% +++ Approximate percentage of CO that goes to the heart: ++ 5% +++ INVASIVE MONITORING +++ What complications can occur during central venous catheter placement? ++ Arterial puncture, air or catheter embolism, dysrhythmias, hemorrhage or arteriovenous fistulization, pneumothorax, pseudoaneurysm formation +++ What should you immediately do if a patient receives an air embolus? ++ Roll the patient to the left and place them head down to keep air in right atrium/ventricle; attempt to aspirate air with central catheter/pulmonary artery catheter +++ Relative contraindications for pulmonary artery catheter placement: ++ Left bundle branch block, previous pneumonectomy +... Your MyAccess profile is currently affiliated with '[InstitutionA]' and is in the process of switching affiliations to '[InstitutionB]'. Please click ‘Continue’ to continue the affiliation switch, otherwise click ‘Cancel’ to cancel signing in. Get Free Access Through Your Institution Learn how to see if your library subscribes to McGraw Hill Medical products. Subscribe: Institutional or Individual Sign In Username Error: Please enter User Name Password Error: Please enter Password Forgot Username? Forgot Password? Sign in via OpenAthens Sign in via Shibboleth