Extradural | Vertebral hemangioma | Thoracic | Preoperative embolization + resection (+ XRT) for progressive symptoms | Honeycomb radiographic appearance |
| Giant cell tumor | Sacral | Resection (+ XRT) | Aggressive spread, often biopsy for diagnosis before treating |
| Plasmacytoma | Thoracic | (XRT + steroids + surgical stabilization) | Precursor to multiple myeloma |
| Osteoid osteoma | Lumbar | Resection of nidus (+ fusion) | Peak incidence in adolescence |
| Osteoblastoma | Lumbar | En bloc resection (+ XRT) | Similar to osteoid osteoma but >1.5 cm |
| Osteochondroma | Cervical | Resection (+ fusion) to treat symptoms | Often causes spinal deformity |
(nonneoplastic) | Eosinophilic granuloma | Cervical | Spine stabilization | Classic vertebra plana in children |
(nonneoplastic) | Aneurysmal bone cyst | Thoracic and lumbar | GTR (+ fusion) | Aggressively expansile, peak incidence in adolescence |
(nonneoplastic) | Angiolipoma | Thoracic | Resection to treat symptoms | Onset of symptoms often during pregnancy |
| Metastasis | | XRT + steroids | |
Extradural | Chordoma | Sacral, cervical | En bloc resection (+ XRT) | Most common primary bone malignancy of the spine |
| Ewing sarcoma | Sacral | Resection + XRT + chemotherapy | Usually metastatic from another site, HBA-71 Ag |
| Multiple myeloma | | Chemotherapy + XRT (+ steroids + surgical stabilization) | Pathological fractures seen in 50% at presentation |
| Lymphoma | | Chemotherapy | Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin |
| Chondrosarcoma | Thoracic | En bloc resection | Second-most common primary bone malignancy |
| Osteosarcoma | | Chemotherapy + en bloc resection (+ XRT) | Bimodal age distribution, potentially curable |
| Paravertebral sarcomas | | En bloc resection + XRT + chemotherapy | Often painless, presents with neurological deficits |
Intradural-extramedullary | Schwannoma | Thoracic | GTR | Associated with dorsal root origin |
| Neurofibroma | Thoracic | Resection | Associated with ventral root origin |
| Meningioma | Thoracic | GTR (+ XRT for recurrence) | Extension common |
| Metastasis | | XRT + steroids | Drop metastases from GBM, AA, ependymoma, and MB |
| Myxopapillary ependymoma | Conus | Resection + XRT | Dissemination common |
| Lymphoma | | Chemotherapy | |
| Lipoma | Lumbosacral | Resection | Congenital, can cause tethered cord |
| Paraganglioma | Conus | GTR | Can secrete hyperadrenergic state |
| Neuroganglioma | | | Rare nerve sheath tumor |
| Dermoid and epidermoid | | GTR (+ steroids for chemical meningitis) | Commonly in children |
| Teratoma | Sacral | GTR | Can be in any compartment |
Intramedullary | Ependymoma | Cervical | GTR | Strongly enhancing, well-circumscribed |
| Astrocytoma | Cervical | Biopsy ± resection + XRT | Infiltrative, common in children |
| Lipoma | Cervical and thoracic | Debulking | |
| Hemangioblastoma | Thoracic and cervical | GTR | Cystic with mural nodule, associated with von Hippel-Lindau syndrome |
| Metastasis | Cervical and conus | XRT + steroids | Most commonly small-cell lung cancer |
| Ganglioglioma | Thoracic | GTR + XRT | Commonly in children |
| Oligodendroglioma | Thoracic | GTR + XRT | Spinal deformity, syrinx common |
| Neuroblastoma | Cervical | GTR | |