Critical Care

TEST TAKING TIP

HEMODYNAMIC PARAMETERS

What is the formula for mean arterial pressure (MAP)?

• MAP = DBP + 1/3 × (SBP − DBP)

What is the normal range for cardiac output (CO)?

• 4 to 8 L/min

What is the normal range for cardiac index (CI)?

• 2.5 to 4 L/min

What is the normal range for systemic vascular resistance (SVR)?

• 800 to 1400 dyn · s/(cm⁵)

What is the normal range for SVR index (SVRI)?

• 1500 to 2400 dyn · s/(cm⁵)

What is the normal range for pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP)?

• 7 to 15 mm Hg

What is the normal range for central venous pressure (CVP)?

• 2 to 6 mm Hg

What is the normal range for pulmonary artery (PA) pressure?

• 20 to 30/6 to 15 mm Hg

What is the normal range for mixed venous oxygen saturation (SvO₂)?

• 70% ± 5%

What is SvO₂?

• The oxygen saturation of blood in the right ventricle/pulmonary artery that serves as an indirect measure of peripheral oxygen supply and demand

What factors influence SvO₂?

• Oxygen delivery and oxygen extraction

Approximate percentage of CO that goes to the kidney:

• 25%

Approximate percentage of CO that goes to the brain:

• 15%

Approximate percentage of CO that goes to the heart:

• 5%

INVASIVE MONITORING

What complications can occur during central venous catheter placement?

• Arterial puncture, air or catheter embolism, dysrhythmias, hemorrhage or arteriovenous fistulization, pneumothorax, pseudoaneurysm formation

What should you immediately do if a patient receives an air embolus?

• Roll the patient to the left and place head down to keep air in right atrium/ventricle; attempt to aspirate air with central catheter/pulmonary artery catheter

Relative contraindications for pulmonary artery catheter placement:

• Left bundle branch block, previous pneumonectomy

Treatment for ...