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The repair of inguinal hernias in adults has shifted from pure tissue repairs (e.g., Bassini) to “tension-free” repairs using synthetic mesh. The Lichtenstein repair, shown in Chapter 107, represents the first widely accepted method for repair of an inguinal hernia using mesh. Since 1990, however, multiple new configurations of mesh have been invented. A frequently used variation is the “plug and patch,” popularized by Drs. Rutkow and Robbins. This technique has results equivalent to those of the Lichtenstein method. The mesh cone or “plug” brings a new approach to the correction of the actual hernial defect. This technique may be used for recurrent as well as primary inguinal hernias.
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PREOPERATIVE PREPARATION
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The patient is evaluated for general medical and anesthesia risks, as discussed in Chapter 4, Ambulatory Surgery, and in the preceding chapters concerning hernia repair. As most operations are elective and performed in an ambulatory setting, sufficient time should be available to optimize the management of any medical diseases. Chronic coughing, new constipation with straining, and symptoms of prostatism require a specialty evaluation prior to surgery. Any active infections, including intertrigo, must be controlled. Although synthetic mesh and sutures do not harbor bacteria, an infection may become established or chronic in the presence of mesh, thus requiring its removal.
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Most patients can be managed effectively with deep sedation plus local anesthesia. The use of anxiolytic drugs followed by a narcotic and hypnotic (typically midazolam, fentanyl, and propofol) allows a pleasant induction. Dilute 0.5% lidocaine without adrenaline is placed by intradermal infiltration. This produces instant skin anesthesia, which lessens the discomfort of deeper injections. At the same time, the swelling serves as a marker for the skin incision. Adrenaline is not used with the entry local anesthetic as it may obscure bleeding points. Later during the closure, when hemostasis has been fully secured, adrenaline may be added to the long-acting local anesthetic to prolong its duration of action. Adrenaline is not used in older patients or in those with cardiovascular disease. Alternatively, some surgeons prefer epidural anesthesia for their patients, as they believe there is a significant interval of hyperesthesia during recovery. Finally, general anesthesia may be required for the very anxious patient.
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The patient is placed in a comfortable supine position. A pillow is often put under the knees to lessen tension in the inguinal region, and some older patients may require an additional pillow under the head and neck.
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OPERATIVE PREPARATION
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The skin hair is clipped and the skin is prepared in the usual manner. In men, the penis and scrotum should be prepared, especially if the hernia extends into the scrotum or if a hydrocele is present.
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INCISION AND EXPOSURE
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