RT Book, Section
A1 Kim, Min P.
A1 Vaporciyan, Ara A.
A2 Yuh, David D.
A2 Vricella, Luca A.
A2 Yang, Stephen C.
A2 Doty, John R.
SR Print(0)
ID 1104585293
T1 Primary Lung Cancer
T2 Johns Hopkins Textbook of Cardiothoracic Surgery
YR 2014
FD 2014
PB McGraw-Hill Education
PP New York, NY
SN 978-0-07-166350-2
LK accesssurgery.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=1104585293
RD 2024/04/24
AB EpidemiologyLung  cancer  is  a  leading  cause  of  preventable  death  attributed  to  smoking  and  environmental  exposure.  Its  highest  incidence  is  in  men  but  recent  trends  have  shown  a  significant  increase  in  women  paralleling  the  trend  of  smoking  prevalence  in  different  genders.PathophysiologyMost  of  lung  cancer  is  the  result  of  a  series  of  genetic  changes  caused  by  environmental  factors  that  allow  cells  to  grow,  proliferate,  and  metastasize.Clinical  featuresMost  lung  cancer  patients  present  with  late-stage  disease.  Patients’  clinical  symptoms  depend  on  the  location  and  size  of  the  tumor  and  the  presence  of  metastasis.DiagnosticsLung  cancer  diagnosis  is  accomplished  through  the  pathologic  examination  of  a  biopsied  specimen  of  the  mass.  Clinical  staging  is  based  on  a  combination  of  patient  history,  physical  exam,  and  radiographic  information  along  with  pathologic  examination  of  the  primary  tumor,  mediastinal  lymph  nodes,  and  any  suspected  sites  of  metastasis.TreatmentLung  cancer  patients  are  treated  with  surgery,  radiotherapy,  and/or  chemotherapy.  Surgery  and  radiotherapy  are  used  for  local  and  regional  lung  cancer;  surgery  is  the  primary  therapy,  and  radiotherapy  is  used  in  patients  who  cannot  tolerate  surgery.  Chemotherapy  is  used  to  treat  patients  with  regional  or  metastatic  lung  cancer.PrognosisOverall,  the  prognosis  for  lung  cancer  is  poor.  The  estimated  overall  5-year  survival  rate  for  all  of  the  patients  with  lung  cancer  is  about  16  percent;  however,  patients  with  resected  pathologic  early-stage  lung  cancer  can  achieve  a  5-year  survival  rate  of  70  to  80  percent.  The  type  and  pathologic  stage  of  lung  cancer  is  the  best  predictor  for  prognosis.