TY  - CHAP
M1  - Book, Section
TI  - Management of Hepatic Metastases from Neuroendocrine Tumors
A1  - Mekeel, K.L.
A1  - Hemming, A.W.
A2  - Morita, Shane Y.
A2  - Balch, Charles M.
A2  - Klimberg, V. Suzanne
A2  - Pawlik, Timothy M.
A2  - Posner, Mitchell C.
A2  - Tanabe, Kenneth K.
PY  - 2018
T2  - Textbook of Complex General Surgical Oncology
AB  - Oberdorfer  first  described  a  tumor  different  from  classic  adenocarcinoma  in  the  early  1900s,  and  referred  to  it  as  “karzinoid.”  Historically,  carcinoid  has  been  the  term  to  describe  neuroendocrine  tumors  of  the  gastrointestinal  (GI)  tract.  In  reality,  neuroendocrine  tumors  (NETs)  are  a  heterogeneous  group  of  tumors,  including  tumors  originating  from  the  stomach,  pancreas,  small  bowel,  rectum,  appendix,  and  lung  among  other  organs,  and  as  a  result  there  is  a  wide  range  of  clinical  courses.  Because  neuroendocrine  cells  secrete  a  variety  of  hormones  and  regulatory  proteins,  these  tumors  can  secrete  functional  hormones.  Carcinoid  syndrome  describes  flushing,  diarrhea,  and  cardiac  valvular  dysfunction  associated  with  serotonin  production,  but  tumors  can  produce  a  variety  of  hormones  including  gastrin,  insulin,  somatostatin,  and  glucagon.  The  GI  tract  and  the  pancreas  are  the  most  common  site  for  NET  formation,  and  they  often  metastasize  to  the  liver  through  the  portal  vein.  Because  the  primary  tumors  often  have  an  indolent  course,  metastatic  disease  to  the  liver  can  be  the  primary  presentation.  This  chapter  focuses  on  the  diagnosis  and  management  of  gastroenteropancreatic  (GEP)  neuroendocrine  metastases  to  the  liver.  
SN  - 
PB  - McGraw-Hill Education
CY  - New York, NY
Y2  - 2024/04/19
UR  - accesssurgery.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=1145763990
ER  -